Pathology Minimals 2Nd Semester

Front 1

1. List the major organ involvements in diabetes mellitus!

Back 1

● Angiopathy
● Nephropathy
● Retinopathy
● Polyneuropathy

Front 2

2. Elements of diabetic nephropathy

Back 2

● Glomerulopathy
● Macro- and microangiopathy
● Recurrent pyelonephritis

Front 3

3. Forms of ischemic heart disease

Back 3

● Angina pectoris
● Acute myocardial infarction
● Chronic ischemic heart disease
● Sudden cardiac death

Front 4

4. Causes of reduced coronary perfusion are

Back 4

● Stenosis (atherosclerotic plaque)
● Coronary thrombosis
● Vasospasm

Front 5

5. The course of AMI at tissue level

Back 5

● Reversible ischemic cell injury (swelling, myocytolysis)
● Coagulation necrosis
● Acute inflammatory infiltration
● Granulation tissue formation
● Scarring

Front 6

6. Major complications of AMI

Back 6

● Cardiac arrest
● Arrhythmia
● Mural thrombosis
● Myocardial rupture
● Fibrinous pericarditis
● ventricular aneurysm

Front 7

7. Major causes of cor pulmonale

Back 7

● Pneumoconiosis
● Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
● COPD
● Tumors of the lung

Front 8

8. General forms of arteriosclerosis

Back 8

● Atherosclerosis
● Calcifying mediasclerosis (Mönckeberg)
● Arteriolosclerosis

Front 9

9. Stages of plaque formation in atherosclerosis

Back 9

● Fatty streak
● Atheromatous plaque
● Fibrous atheroma
● Complicated plaque

Front 10

10. Clinical complications of atherosclerosis

Back 10

● AMI
● Cerebral stroke
● Aortic aneurysm
● Renal insufficiency
● Peripheral arteriopathy (gangrene)

Front 11

11. Causes leading to chronic endothelial demage

Back 11

● Turbulent blood flow
● Toxins (nicotin)
● Viral infections
● Chronic or recurrent acute inflammations

Front 12

12. Major porto-caval venous anastomoses significant in portal hypertension (liver
cirrhosis)

Back 12

● Esophageal venous plexus
● Rectoanal (hemorrhoidal) veins
● Retroperitoneal venous plexus
● Umbilical/abdominal veins

Front 13

13. Features of Barrett-esophagus?

Back 13

● Reddish spots on the esophageal mucosa
● Glandular epithelial cell metaplasia
● Complication of esophageal reflux
● Transformation potential to adenocarcinoma

Front 14

14. Basic components of acute gastritis

Back 14

● Mucosal erosion
● Acute inflammatory infiltration
● Superficial haemorrhage

Front 15

15. Basic components of chronic gastritis

Back 15

● Chronic inflammatory infiltration
● Mucosal atrophy
● Intestinal metaplasia
● Regeneratory atypia

Front 16

16. Major causes of chronic gastritis

Back 16

● Helicobacter pylori
● Autoimmune processes

Front 17

17. Significant factors in the development of peptic ulcers

Back 17

● H. pylori
● Hyperacidity
● Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
● Fast stomach emptying

Front 18

18. Histological layers of a chronic ulcer are

Back 18

● Superficial necrosis
● Acute inflammatory layer
● Granulation tissue layer
● Massive fibrosis

Front 19

19. Common complications of chronic peptic ulcers are

Back 19

● Gastric haemorrhage
● Perforation
● Scarring

Front 20

20. Major features of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are

Back 20

● Gastrin producing tumor
● Secondary glandular hyperplasia of the stomach
● Formation of multiple peptic ulcers

Front 21

21. The most frequent non-epithelial tumors of the stomach are

Back 21

● Lymphoma
● Leiomyosarcoma
● GIST
● Schwannoma

Front 22

22. Basic features of Krukenberg-tumor

Back 22

● Bilateral ovarial metastasis
● Signet-ring cell morphology
● Primary site is the stomach, breast or pancreas

Front 23

23. Histological features of acute pancreatitis are

Back 23

● Parenchymal edema
● Acute inflammation
● Fat necrosis
● Haemorrhage

Front 24

24. Histological features of chronic pancreatitis

Back 24

● Parenchymal fibrosis
● Calcification
● Loss of acinar component
● Dilatation of ducts

Front 25

25. What does the acronym PanIN mean?

Back 25

● Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Front 26

26. Histological features of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Back 26

● Tubular pattern
● Marked invasivity
● Desmoplasia

Front 27

27. What are common causes of ARDS?

Back 27

● Sepsis
● Shock
● Pneumonia
● Aspiration

Front 28

28. Major histological components in ARDS

Back 28

● Alveolar edema
● Necrosis
● Neutrophils
● Hyaline membrane

Front 29

29. Bronchiectasis develops on the basis of

Back 29

● acute destructive bronchitis

Front 30

30. The principal mechanism of alveolar wall destruction in emphysema

Back 30

● insufficient anti-protease activity

Front 31

31. Which histological types of bronchial carcinomas are strongly associated to
cigarette

Back 31

● smoking
● squamous cell carcinoma
● small cell lung carcinoma

Front 32

32. Epithelial precursor lesions of lung cancer are

Back 32

● squamous dysplasia
● atypical adenomatosus hyperplasia
● idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia

Front 33

33. Paraneoplastic syndromes frequently associated with small cell lung carcinoma
are

Back 33

● ACTH secretion
● ADH secretion

Front 34

34. The most frequent pleural primary tumors are

Back 34

● solitary fibrous tumor
● malignant mesenthelioma

Front 35

35. The most frequent metastatic pleural tumors are

Back 35

● lung carcinoma
● breast carcinoma

Front 36

36. Precancerous lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma are

Back 36

● dysplasia
● erythroplakia

Front 37

37. Which histiological type of oral squamous cell carcinoma has the most favourable
prognosis

Back 37

● verrucous carcinoma

Front 38

38. Hepatotrop viruses infecting through a fecal-oral route are

Back 38

● hepatitis A
● hepatitis E

Front 39

39. Hepatotrop viruses infecting parenterally

Back 39

● hepatitis B
● hepatitis D
● hepatitis C

Front 40

40. What is the Budd-Chiary syndrome

Back 40

● Thrombosis of the hepatic vein

Front 41

41. Features of focal nodular hyperlpasia of the liver are

Back 41

● Hyperplastic nodule
● Well demarcated
● Central fibrous scar

Front 42

42. The most frequent primary carcinomas of the liver are

Back 42

● Hepatocellular carcinoma
● Cholangiocellular carcinoma

Front 43

43. Major features of Hirsprung disease are:

Back 43

● Regional lack of ganglion cells in the colon
● Functional obstruction
● Upstream dilation of the colon

Front 44

44. Major complications of colonic diverticulosis

Back 44

● Diverticulitis
● Hemorrhage
● Perforation
● Pericolic abscess

Front 45

45. Main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Back 45

● Crohn disease
● Ulcerative colitis

Front 46

46. Characteristic features of ulcerative colitis

Back 46

● Limited to the colon
● Distribution is diffuse
● Ulceration is superficial
● Pseudopolyps
● Malignant potential

Front 47

47. Characteristic features of Crohn disease

Back 47

● Ileum and colon involved
● Skip lesions
● Deep ulcers
● Fistulas
● Granulomas
● Malignant potential

Front 48

48. Carcinomas of the large intestine are

Back 48

● Adenocarcinoma
● Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus

Front 49

49. Common non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine

Back 49

● Lymphoma
● GIST
● Carcinoid

Front 50

50. Aquired causes of hydronephrosis

Back 50

● Kidney stone
● Tumor
● Inflammation
● Defect in innervation
● Pregnancy

Front 51

51. Major cause of urolithiasis

Back 51

● Supersaturation of the urine

Front 52

52. Major components of renal stones are

Back 52

● Calcium oxalate/phosphate
● Struvite
● Urate
● Cystein

Front 53

53. Major causes of acute tubular necrosis

Back 53

● Ischemia
● Nephrotoxicity

Front 54

54. Causes of testicular inflammations

Back 54

● Bacterial infection
● Mumps
● Tuberculosis

Front 55

55. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified as:

Back 55

● Seminoma
● Non-seminomatous tumors

Front 56

56. Non-seminomatous tumors of the testis

Back 56

● Embryonal carcinoma
● Yolk sac tumor
● Choriocarcinoma
● Teratoma

Front 57

57. The histological grading of prostate carcinomas is based on

Back 57

● The Gleason system

Front 58

58. Most important marker for prostate carcinoma detection and monitoring

Back 58

● Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Front 59

59. Major risk factors for cervical carcinoma are

Back 59

● Multiple sexual partners
● High-risk HPV infection
● Smoking
● Immunodeficiency

Front 60

60. The most effective screening tool for the prevention of cervical cancer is

Back 60

● The Pap-smear

Front 61

61. Major categories of ovarian tumors are:

Back 61

● Surface epithelial tumors
● Germ cell tumors
● Sex-cord/stroma tumors
● Metastases

Front 62

62. What is a comedo carcinoma?

Back 62

● Ductal carcinoma with
● Extensive central necrosis

Front 63

63. DCIS is the abbreviation of

Back 63

● Ductal carcinoma in situ

Front 64

64. LCIS is the abbreviation of

Back 64

● Lobular carcinoma in situ

Front 65

65. What is Paget’s disease of the breast?

Back 65

● ductal carcinoma
● with infiltration of the lactiferus duct and the areola

Front 66

66. Histological subtypes of invasive breast cancer are

Back 66

● Ductal
● Lobular
● Medullary
● Mucinous
● Tubular

Front 67

67. Major causes of hypopituitarism

Back 67

● Pituitary apoplexia
● Inflammation
● Pituitary adenoma
● Surgery

Front 68

68. Major cause of hyperpituitarism

Back 68

● Pituitary adenoma

Front 69

69. Major forms of thyroiditis

Back 69

● Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto)
● Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain)
● Subacute lymphocytic (postpartum)

Front 70

70. The enlagement of the thyroid is called

Back 70

● Goiter (struma)

Front 71

71. Carcinomas of the thyroid are

Back 71

● Papillary carcinoma
● Follicular carcinoma
● Medullary carcinoma
● Anaplastic carcinoma

Front 72

72. Common endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas are

Back 72

● Insulinoma
● Gastrinoma
● Glucagonoma
● Somatostatinoma

Front 73

73. Major causes of the Cushing syndrome

Back 73

● Pituitary adenoma
● Adrenal hyperfunction
● Paraneoplastic (ACTH producing tumor)
● Iatrogenic

Front 74

74. Patterns of brain herniation due to increased intracranial pressure are

Back 74

● Subfalcine
● Transtentorial
● Tonsillar

Front 75

75. Major forms of hydrocephalus

Back 75

● Non-communicating
● Communicating
● Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Front 76

76. The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is

Back 76

● Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm

Front 77

77. Cause of epidural hematoma

Back 77

● Injury of the middle meningeal artery

Front 78

78. Cause of subdural hematoma

Back 78

● Disruption of the bridging veins

Front 79

79. Major routes of infective agents to the CNS

Back 79

● Hematogenous
● Direct (posttraumatic)
● Continous extension
● Nerve chanals

Front 80

80. Forms of infectious meningitis

Back 80

● Acute bacterial meningitis
● Lymphocytic (viral) meningitis
● Chronic meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis)

Front 81

81. Major features of Creutzfeld-Jakob’s disease

Back 81

● Prion disease
● Spongiform transformation of the grey matter
● No inflammatory reaction
● Progress to dementia

Front 82

82. Major types of gliomas are

Back 82

● Astrocytomas
● Oligodendrogliomas
● Ependymomas

Front 83

83. Most common primary tumors causing brain metastases

Back 83

● Lung cancer
● Breast carcinoma
● Melanoma
● Renal cancer
● Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas

Front 84

84. Morphological changes in Alzheimer disease

Back 84

● Cortical atrophy
● Alzheimer-plaques (extrecellular)
● Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)

Front 85

85. List five histological types of colorectal polyps!

Back 85

● inflammatory
● hyperplastic
● hamartomatous
● adenomatous
● lymphomatous

Front 86

86. What type of colorectal polyps do you know based on the macroscopical
appearance?

Back 86

● pedunculated (with stalk)
● sessile

Front 87

87. Which are the two major genetic routes of colorectal carcinoma?

Back 87

● APC/β-catenin pathway
● microsatellite instability (mismatch repair) pathway

Front 88

88. List at least four of the hereditary polyposis syndromes!
89. Acceptable answers:

Back 88

● FAP (familiar adenomatous polyposis)
● Gardner
● Lynch
● Turcot
● Cowden
● Peutz-Jeghers

Front 89

90. Which are the fibropolycystic liver diseases?

Back 89

● Caroli’s disease
● polycystic liver disease
● congenital hepatic fibrosis
● von Meyenburg komplex

Front 90

91. Which are the general macroscopical characteristics of cholesterol stones?

Back 90

● solitary
● size measured in cms
● light colour
● radier arrangement on cut surface

Front 91

92. Name the major risk factors of cholesterol stone formation (the four F rule)

Back 91

● fertile
● female
● fourty
● fat

Front 92

93. Which are the most important complications associated with acute calculosus
cholecystitis?

Back 92

● empyema
● gangrene
● perforation
● bilestone ileus

Front 93

94. What is Klatskin’s tumor?

Back 93

● Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma,
● Arising at the anastomosis of the right and left hepatic duct

Front 94

95. Which are the common bone-forming tumors?

Back 94

● osteoma
● osteoid osteoma
● osteoblastoma
● osteosarcoma

Front 95

96. Which are the common cartilage-forming tumors?

Back 95

● enchondroma
● osteochondroma
● chondroblastoma
● chondrosarcoma

Front 96

97. Which are the most frequent complications of rickets?

Back 96

● caput quadratum
● rachitic rosary
● pectus carinatum/excavatum
● rachitic bowleg/knock knee
● scoliosis

Front 97

98. Which are the most important characteristics of Ewing’s sarcoma?

Back 97

● usually pediatric
● diaphyseal appearance
● small, blue cell tumor histology
● associated with EWS gene translocation

Front 98

99. What is the major change in osteomalacia?

Back 98

● reduction of bone mass

Front 99

100. What is the major change in osteoporosis?

Back 99

● reduction of bone mineralization