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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do hypersensitivity reactions mean?
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They are immune responses
They lead to inflammation and consecutive tissue damage |
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Which cells are the cellular mediators of tissue injury in anaphylactic hypersensitivity?
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Mast cells
Circulating basophil granulocytes |
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Which cells of an inflammatory exsudate indicate anaphylactic hypersensitivity?
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Eosinophil granulocytes
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What is the mechanism of tissue injury in type III (immun-complex mediated) hypersensitivity?
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Activation of complement
Accumulation and activation of neutrophil granulocytes |
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What kind of tissue damage is typical for type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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Fibrinoid necrosis in vessel walls
eg necrotising vasculitis |
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Which cells are the effector cells in type IV (delayed type) hypersensitivity?
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Epitheloid cells that transformed from macrophages
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How long does it take from the antigen exposure (eg skin) to develop a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction?
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2-3 days
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How long does it take for antigen exposure to develop a granuloma?
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2-3 weeks
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What is the mechanism of killing the target cells in CD8+ TCell cytotoxic reactions?
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Omotic lysis based on membrane perforation
Induction of apoptosis by Fas-ligand binding |
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What the three commonest soft tissue tumours?
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Lipoma
Fibroma Leiomyoma |
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What is the commonest site of leiomyoma?
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Myometrium
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What are the features of myxoma?
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It is a tumour composed of gelatinous connective tissue
It's structure is similar to the fetal Wharton's Jelly |
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What is the main cell type in xanthoma?
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Lipoid storing histiocytes
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How are benign blood vessel tumours called?
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Hemangiomas
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What are the two major forms of Hemangiomas?
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Cavernous hemangiomas
Capillary hemangiomas |
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What is a biopsy?
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A tumour sample taken for diagnostic histopathological evaluation
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What is the basic principle of immunohistochemical methods?
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Specific binding of antigens by test antigens by test antibodies
The antibodies are labelled by an enzymatic reaction (eg peroxidase) or with fluorescent dyes |
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What is telepathology?
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A histopathological consultation method based on electronic transmission of images
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What are the conditions of primary wound healing?
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The wound is caused by a sharp, clean device
There is little tissue damage There is good apposition of wound edges There is little bleeding or inflammation |
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Explain the sequence of primary wound healing?
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The wound edges are held together by fibrin, then by fibroblasts
A small amount of granulation tissue is produced A small amount of collagen is synthesised The remaining scar tissue is delicate |
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Give an example of primary wound healing in surgery?
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Wound healing after plastic surgery
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What are the characteristics of secondary wound healing?
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Large tissue destruction
Lots of tissue debris Infection and inflammatory reaction develops |
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Explain the sequence of secondary wound healing?
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The wound cavity is gradually filled with granulation tissue
Massive collagen production Terminates with large scar |
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Give an example of secondary wound healing?
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Dog bite
Burning |
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From what source may stem cells be acquired for therapeutic purposes?
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Bone marrow or peripheral blood of adults (adult stem cell)
From cells of an early embryo (embryonic stem cell) |
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What are the forms of amyloid?
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Amyloid AA (amyloid associated) occurring in patients with chronic diseases with pronounced tissue destruction
Amyloid AL (amyloid light chain) occurring in patients with abnormal proliferation of cells of B lymphocytic origin |
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What is the common feature of the molecular structure of different types of
amyloid? |
The beta pleated sheet molecular conformation of the amyloid fibrils
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How can you detect amyloid in a histologically?
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Congo red staining
Bi-refringance in polarized light |
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What is dysplasia?
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Preneoplastic condition
Occurs principally in epithelia Early recognition and surgical removal prevents tumour formation |
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What are the morphological signs of dysplasia?
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Cell and nuclear polymorphism
Cell nuclei are hyperchromatic Number of mitotic figures increases Disturbed cell polarity |
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CIN is the acronym for?
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
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What is the meaning of the CIN categories?
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They mark the severity of the precancerous condition within the squamous cell epithelium of the cervix
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What does CIN – III mean?
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Dysplasia of the whole thickness of the epithelium
Basement Membrane is still intact, no signs of invasive growth Called in situ carcinoma |
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What does the stage of tumors mean?
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The extension of the tumour
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What does TNM classification represent?
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The local extent of the tumour (T)
Lymph node involvement (L) Presence of organ metastases (M) |
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What is the basis of tumor ploidy determination?
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The quantities of the amount of DNA-binding stain
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What is the DNA index?
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DNA content of tumour cells/ DNA content of normal cells
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What is homeostasis?
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Physiological steady state
Ability for adaption |
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What is the meaning of atrophy?
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Reduction in the functional cell volume (atrophy simplex)
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Which are the factors leading to atrophy?
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Reduced activity
Reduced blood supply Unsatisfactory alimentation Lapse of nerve stimulation Lack of hormonal stimulation |
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What are the main mechanisms of atrophy?
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Ubiquitin proteasome system
Cellular autophagy |
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What is involution?
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Reduction in the volume of the functional cells by atrophy (simple atrophy)
Reduction in the number of functional cells by apoptosis (numerical atrophy) |
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What is hypertrophy?
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Organ or tissue enlargement by the increase of the volume of the individual cells
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What is hyperplasia?
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Organ or tissue enlargement by the increase of the number of cells
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What is the mechanism of hypoxic or toxic cellular swelling?
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Sodium and water influx into the cells
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What is cell necrosis?
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Cell or tissue death in a living organism
The sum of morphological changes occurring within dead cells in a living environment |
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What are the commonest forms of coagulative necrosis?
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Infarction
Caseous necrosis (necrosis caseosa Zenker type necrosis (etc typhus, tetanus) Slough necrosis ( necrosis crustosa) Fibrinoid necrosis (in arterial walls) |
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What is liquefactive necrosis?
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Occurs in tissues rich in fluid and lipoid substances and poor in proteins
Predominant swelling and liquefaction |
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What is the pathomechanism of enzymatic fat cell necrosis?
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Escape of pancreatic lipase
Neutral fat is digested into fatty acid and glycerol Formation of calcium soaps from fatty acids |
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Which are important systems of tumor characterization with respect to prognosis and
treatment? |
Histopathological grading
Pathological staging |
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What is the pathology-based definition of anaplasia?
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Lack of cellular differentiation
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What types of tumour progressions are you aware of?
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Clinical progression (size, dissemination)
Biological/Histopathological progression (dedifferentiation/anaplasia) |
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What is the main point of molecular cancer screening?
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Detection of germ line mutations
That may be associated with genetic disorders which may predispose for cancer |
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What are the manifestations of gene amplification in chromosomal preparations?
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Chromosomally integrated homogeneous staining region (HSR)
Extra chromosomal double minutes |
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Name two gene amplifications with important clinical impact!
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N-MYC gene amplification in nueroblastomas
HER-2/NEU amplification in breast cancer |
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List two well-known prognostic histopathological systems?
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Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) for breast cancer
Gleason-score in prostate cancer |
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What is the basis of different skin colors?
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Intensity of melanin synthesis in the melanocytes
The number of melanocytes in the skin does not differ |
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What is a melanocytic naevus?
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Benign tumour of the melanocytes (neoplasia)
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Wicih are the forms of the melanocytic naevi?
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Junctional naevus
Compound naevus Intradermal naevus |
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What is the precancerous lesion of malignant melanoma?
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Dysplastic naevus
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