Pathology Midterm

Front 1

General pathology

Back 1

-Defines lesions/abnormalities that may be grouped as they share common features
-Unlikely to be related to just one causal agent or one disease process
-Ex: cell degeneration/cell death, circulatory disordrs, inflammation and repair, disturbances in growth, cancer

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Etiology

Back 2

The cause

Front 3

Pathogenesis

Back 3

-Step-by-step progress in the disease
-Stages in the development of lesion or disease, from initiation to termination

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Pathognomonic

Back 4

Lesion or clinical sign indicative or a specific etiology

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Morphological diagnosis

Back 5

Based on a lesion

Front 6

Etiological diagnosis

Back 6

Based on a specific cause

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Clinical diagnosis

Back 7

Based on clinical signs

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Adaptive changes

Back 8

-Hypertrophy
-Hyperplasia
-Atrophy
-Metaplasia
-Dysplasia
-Aplasia and hypoplasia

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Hypertrophy

Back 9

Reversible increase in the size, weight, and volume of an organ

-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to increased workload

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Hyperplasia

Back 10

Reversible increase in the number of cells in an organ

-Thyroid hyperplasia due to iodine deficiency

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Atrophy

Back 11

Reversible acquired decrease of size of a normally developed organ due to a reduction in the size or number of cells

-Counter to hypertrophy and hyperplasia
-Atrophy of disuse, pressure atrophy, and endocrine-related atrophy

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Metaplasia

Back 12

Reversible replacement of one type of mature differentiated cell by a different but closely related type cell

-Respiratory irritation (chronic bronchitis): ciliated columnar to squamous epithelium

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Dysplasia

Back 13

Irreversible abnormal growth and development of cells

-Usually a disorder during fetal growth
-May result in organ malfunctions

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Aplasia

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Irreversible, complete or almost complete failure of tissue development

-Renal aplasia, segmental aplasia of gut

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Hypoplasia

Back 15

Failure of an organ to reach its full size due to embryological development

-May be observed at birth or develop over time
-Cerebellar hypoplasia due to in utero viral infections

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Necrosis

Back 16

Death of cells in the living body

-Grossly: lighter colored tissue
-Microscopically: Cytoplasmic acidophila (pink/red in the cytoplasm), pyknosis (chromatin in the nucleus), Karyorrhexis (nucleus starts breaking up), karyolysis (nucleus broken up)

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Coagulative necrosis

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Tissue pallor and firm
HIstologically: cell outline retained (structure), cell internal detail lost

-Toxic/hypoxic damage

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LIquefactive necrosis

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Tissue soft and fluidy
Histologically: cell outline and cell detail lost (structureless)

-Assoc with inflammation
-CNS more prone

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Caseous necrosis

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Tissue soft, friable, granular
Histologically: cell outline and detail lost (structureless) and prone to calcify

-Assoc with mycobacterium bovis (TB)!!!!!!!!!

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Apoptosis

Back 20

Programmed cell death of individual cells
Need energy to do it

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Fat necrosis

Back 21

Tissue hard, chalky white deposits
HIstologically: cholesterol clefts and calcifations
Causes release of glycerol and fatty acids, precipitations of salts, leading to soap formation
Fat deposits

-Assoc with trauma, pancreatic damage

Front 22

Fibrinoid necrosis

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Necrosis/fibrin deposition in walls of blood vessels

-Assoc with severe vascular injury

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Things that occur after necrosis

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-Inflammation
-Sequestration
-Calcification
-Putrefaction/gangrene

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Rigor mortis

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Temporary rigidity of muscle after death due to hypoxia, decrease ATP, and anaerobic glycolysis

-Begins in the most active, best-nourished muscles
-Gradually disappears

Front 25

Hypostatic congestion

Back 25

Gravitational settling of blood in dependent areas

-Tissue dark, heavy, congested and edematous

Front 26

Post Mortem clots

Back 26

Activation of clotting cascade by thromboplastin

-Clot is smooth, shiny, and not attached to vascular wall (easy to pull out)

Front 27

Pseudomelanosis

Back 27

Dark green discoloration on surface of abdominal organs/intestinal serosa

-Involves putrefactive bacteria, H2S, and Fe

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Parathyroid hormone

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Increases blood calcium by stimulated renal calcium absorption, osteolysis of bone and renal production of Vit D

-Produced by chief cells in parathyroid

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Calcitonin

Back 29

Decreases blood calcium by impairing osteoclastic bones resorption

-Responds if animal is hypercalcemic
-Produced by parafollicular cells in thyroid

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Vit D

Back 30

Stimulated intestinal calcium adsorption

-Activated by kidney

Front 31

Dystrophic calcification

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Precipitation of calcium in tissues already damaged

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Metastatic calcification

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Precipitation of calcium in undamaged tissue due to excess concentration in blood (hypercalcemia)

-Frequent in kidneys, lungs, stomach
-Seen on basement membranes, mitochondia, bv walls

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Calcinosis circumscripta

Back 33

Tumor-like masses of calcium located in the subcutis
Most commonly located over bony prominences in large dogs

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Calcinosis cutis

Back 34

Calcium in the dermis of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease)

-Related to collagen degeneration

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Amyloid

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An extracellular protein deposited as a meshwork of rigid fibrils
Very resistant to phagocytosis
Progressive accumulation --> organ dysfunction

-Grossly: severely affected tissue is pale, waxy when you cut it with a knive, lard-like stains brown with iodine
-Microscopically: homogenous eosinophilic (H&E), apple green birefringence (congo red)
-Might see in kidneys (most common), liver, blood vessels

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Reactive amyloid

Back 36

Results of excessive production of serum amyloid (a normal acute phase protein)
Assoc with long-standing/chronic inflammation

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Immunocytic amyloid

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Result from proteins derived from immunological light chains
Assoc with lymphoid tumors

Front 38

Endocrine-derived local amyloid

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Results from proteins derived from polypeptide hormones secreted by endocrine cells
Assoc with the pancreas of the cat

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Carbon

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Exogenous derived pigment
Microscopically: black granular depositis intra or extra extracellular, peribronchiolar, perivascular

-Anthracosis (black/grey mottled lungs)

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Melanin

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Endogenous pigment normally found in epidermis, iris, choroid, buccal mucosa, substantia nigra

Front 41

Melanosis

Back 41

Black pigmentation due to the presence of melanin in an abnormal location; congenital; not clinically significant

Front 42

Melanoma

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Tumor of melanocytes
Can be benign/malignant, pigmented/non-pigmented

Front 43

Albinism

Back 43

Genetically determined failure to synthesize tyrosinase leading to an absence of melanin

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Leukoderma

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Focal pigmentation at the site of a scar

Front 45

Achromotrichia

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Abnormally light hair
Reduced density of pigmentation

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Lipofuscin

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Intracellular golden brown pigment
Composed of breakdown products of cell membranes and membranous organelles

-Levels increase with age, "wear and tear"

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Haemosiderin

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Microscopically: brown, granular, intracytoplasmic in macrophages

-Seen normally in spleen, bone marrow, liver
-Seen when there is hemorrhages, congestion of lungs