Pathology Midterm #2 Review - Biliary And Endocrine

Front 1

Cirrhosis Classification

Back 1

inflammatory disease

Front 2

Cirrhosis Etiology

Back 2

chronic fibrotic changes in the liver associated with loss of normal architecture  commonly due to chronic alcoholism  autoimmune, metabolic, or genetic diseases, chronic infections, cardiac problems

Front 3

Cirrhosis Pathogenesis

Back 3

fat accumulation in the liver replaces normal cells; these areas are gradually walled off by bands of connective tissue  between the damaged areas are nodules of regenerative tissue  long-term continual damage of liver  considered an end-stage liver disease (complete liver failure)

Front 4

Cirrhosis Radiographic Appearance

Back 4

abnormal shape and size of the liver, ascites, esophageal varices

Front 5

Ascites

Back 5

accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity  composed of hepatic lymph weeping from the portal capillaries  ascites can also result from chronic hepatitis, congestive heart failure, renal failure, certain cancers  patients with ascites complain of dyspnea and nonspecific abdominal pain  definitive diagnosis is obtained by paracentesis where peritoneal fluid is withdrawn under ultrasound control; this fluid is sent for analysis

Front 6

Jaundice

Back 6

a sign of disease rather than a disease itself
excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulation
► excess RBC breakdown (hemolytic)
► liver disease (hepatic)
► biliary system blockage (obstructive)

Front 7

Jaundice Radiographic Appearance

Back 7

the radiograph may reveal an enlarged liver (hepatitis or cirrhosis); a stone in the bile ducts or carcinoma of the ducts or pancreas

Front 8

Hepatitis Classification

Back 8

Inflamitory

Front 9

Hepatitis A

Back 9

sometimes called infectious hepatitis (oral-fecal route)

Front 10

Hepatitis B

Back 10

previously called serum hepatitis

Front 11

Hepatitis C

Back 11

viral hepatitis associated with blood transfusions

Front 12

Hepatitis D

Back 12

delta virus — only replicates in presence of HBV

Front 13

Hepatitis E

Back 13

rare, oral-fecal route

Front 14

Hepatitis Rad Appearance

Back 14

enlarged liver which sometimes displaces bowel loops and the stomach
hepatomegaly (swollen, enlarged liver
hemorrhage and necrosis

Front 15

Hepatocellular CarcinomaClassification

Back 15

neoplastic, more commonly secondary than primary

Front 16

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Radiographic Appearance

Back 16

abnormality in shape, calcification in the tumor, displacement of other abdominal organs  shown to better advantage by nuclear medicine, ultrasound, CT, and angiography
Nodular Tumors
Massive Tumor

Front 17

Cholelithiasis

Back 17

formation of stones in the gallbladder
RAO may be necessary to differentiate between the anteriorly situated gallbladder and the posteriorly situated kidney
plain films of the abdomen show radiopaque stones (mixed with Ca); radiographic contrast medium is necessary to demonstrate radiolucent stones
cholesterol / bilirubin  radiolucent 80% ► bilirubin, cholesterol, +Ca salts  radiopaque 20% most stones are radiolucent because they do not contain enough calcium to be radiopaque

Front 18

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 18

Pancreas – Under-Secretion of Insulin
Body’s ability to use carbohydrates impaired.
Signs and symptoms: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and acidosis. 

Front 19

Hypoglycemia

Back 19

Caused by a tumor of the islets of Langerhans which results in an excess of insulin
Signs and symptoms: constant hunger, fainting, convulsions, and low blood sugar.

Front 20

Hypothyroidism

Back 20

Caused by a primary tumor in thyroid gland or in the pituitary and results in a decrease in thyroxine

Front 21

Hyperthyroidism

Back 21

Caused by a tumor which is primary in the gland or a tumor of the pituitary. This results in an excess of thyroxine.

Front 22

Hyposecretion - Pituitary

Back 22

Due to a deficiency in HGH, usually as the result of a tumor.  Adults: Simmond’s Disease.  Child: Dwarfism.

Front 23

Pituitary Hypersecretion

Back 23

Increase in secretion in HGH. 
Adult: Acromegaly. 
Child: Giantism.
enlarged frontal sinus
calcification of pituitary gland

Front 24

Addison’s Disease

Back 24

Adrenal under-secretion
May be caused from a disease in the pituitary or an atrophy of the adrenals which results in a deficiency of adrenal secretions.

Front 25

Cushing’s Disease

Back 25

Adrenal over-secretion
Usually caused by an adenoma of the anterior pituitary which results in hyperfunction of the adrenals.

Front 26

Hypoparathyroidism

Back 26

Muscle cramps.  Convulsions.

Front 27

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 27

Tumor causes oversecretion.  Bone pain.  Skeletal deformity.  Cyst formation.  Hypercalcemia.