Pathology - Liver And Biliary Tract

Front 1

List functions of liver relating to carbohydrate metabolism

Back 1

glycogen synthesis + storage
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis

Front 2

What are the key products of liver lipid metabolism

Back 2

cholestrol, triglycerides, phospholipids

Front 3

What vitamins will liver metabolise?

Back 3

Fat soluble vitamins - ADK

Front 4

What two Bi.....s is the liver metabolise involved with?

Back 4

Bilirubin and Bile acids!

Front 5

Biotransformation phase 1 reactions include

Back 5

Oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis

Front 6

Biotransformation phase 2 reactions

Back 6

Conjugation of polar molecules to phase 1 metabolites to increase water solubility permitting excretion in bile or urine

Front 7

Functions of bile

Back 7

Excretion of waste (billirubin and some drugs)
Digestion of lipids
pH buffering
IgA secretion

Front 8

Bile pigments metablism:

Back 8

Fill later

Front 9

Bile acids derived from

Back 9

cholestrol

Front 10

Bile acids undergo _______ recirculation

Back 10

enterhepatic

Front 11

List the functions of the liver with regard to protein synthesis

Back 11

Production of plasma proteins such as albumin

-transport proteins, clotting factors, some complement system, acute phase proteins

Alos metabolism of amino acids and conversion of urea from ammonia

Front 12

Where is the conversion of ammoni to urea done?

Back 12

Liver!

Front 13

Outline the immune function of the liver

Back 13

Acute phase protein production
Kupfer cells
IgA secretion into bile

Front 14

What is the liver a major site of in the foetus but not in adults?

Back 14

Haematopoesis

Front 15

List the 4 main defences of the liver

Back 15

Kupfer
IgA
Bile duct sphincter and bile flow
Anatomical - ribs, muscle, omentum

Front 16

IgA is actively taken up in the liver form

Back 16

Plasma

Front 17

What is the bile duct sphincter called?

Back 17

Sphincter of Odi

Front 18

Give 3 routes of entry intot he liver for pathogens

Back 18

Haematogenous
Biliary tract
Direct extesnion/penetrating

Front 19

what vessels enter into the liver

Back 19

portal vein
Hepatic artery

Front 20

List 4 morphological changes of injured liver

Back 20

Size/shape
Color
Texture
PM

Front 21

How can liver enlargement be categorised?

Back 21

Diffuse
localised
multifocal

Front 22

Increased size of the liver due to incerased cell size could be due to

Back 22

degnerative change

Front 23

Give a deposit that could increase liver size

Back 23

Amyloid

Front 24

Give a systemic and localise cause of hepatic enlargment due to vascular congestion

Back 24

RSHF
Torsion

Front 25

Give 4 reasons for reduced liver or lobe size

Back 25

Atrophy due to starvation
fibrosis
end stage
Congenital PSS

Front 26

What parameters might you use to categorise nodularity?

Back 26

How many
Distributin
colour, shape, size, cnsitency

Front 27

Cause of increased nodularity in the liver

Back 27

regenerative + fibrosis
nodular hyperplasia
neoplasia
abscessation

Front 28

Why might a liver be yellow-brown

Back 28

Fat
degen
necrosis
cholestasis
amyloid
PM

Front 29

Why might a liver be dark brown-red

Back 29

pigments
congestion
hemorrage

Front 30

Why might a liver have an enhanced reticular pattern?

Back 30

Congestion
necrosis/degen

Front 31

Why might a liver be green

Back 31

cholestasis
PM

Front 32

Greay texture of the liver could be

Back 32

fat accumulation

Front 33

Firmer liver suggestive of

Back 33

infiltative disease

Front 34

Friable liver tissue suggestive of

Back 34

ifiltrative
degen/necrosis

Front 35

Soft liver tissue

Back 35

Likely PM

Front 36

Self digestion =

Back 36

autolysis

Front 37

putrefaction =

Back 37

breakdown of tissues by micro-organism

Front 38

why do fat animals autolyse faster?

Back 38

Retian more heat!

Front 39

Areas of pallor on the liver suggest:

Back 39

probably just imprints of adjacent organs
Foci probably due to bacterial invasion

Front 40

Crepitant feel in liver due to

Back 40

Gas producing bacteria (probably!)

Front 41

List 8 functional consequences of liver function disruption

Back 41

Hyperbilirubinemia+jaundice
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hypoproteinemia
Clotting defects
Vascular changes/ascites
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
photosensitisation
immunological disorders

Front 42

Hyperbilirubinemia is

Back 42

increase bilirubin in the blood

Front 43

3 categories of jaundice

Back 43

Pre
Hepatic
Obstructive

Front 44

Give prehepatic cause of jaundice

Back 44

Bilirubin in excess of ability to uptake, conjugate and excrete

Front 45

Give examples of pre hepatic causes of jaundice

Back 45

IMHA
Red cell defects
Heamolytic septicemia
babesia
lepto

Front 46

what bacteria can cause heamolysis

Back 46

babesia
lepto

Front 47

Briefly explain why hepatic disease can cause jaundice

Back 47

Reduced ability to uptake, conjugate and excrete bilirubin

Front 48

Give some examples of possible aetiology of hepatic jaundice

Back 48

diffuse+ severe hepatic diseases
tocix injury, bacteremia,infectious hepatitis (CHV, Lepto)
End stage liver

Front 49

Obstructive jaundice due to

Back 49

defective bile flow - cholestasis

Front 50

Two types of cholestasis

Back 50

Intra and extra hepatic

Front 51

intrahrepatic jaundice due to

Back 51

Impaired flow in canuliculi (bile plug)

inflammation
hypoxia
iherited abnormalities
end stage liver disease

Front 52

Extrahepatic causes of obstructive jaundice

Back 52

Compression due to tumor
cyst
enlarge dLN
Pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis
parasites
ruptured gall baldder/duct

Front 53

Hepatic encephalopathy due to

Back 53

Accumalaution of neurotic products, although mechanism is poorly understood
Ammonia
amines

Possibly altered balance of neurotransmitters in the brain

Front 54

2 causes of HE

Back 54

PSS
Hepatic insuficiency

Front 55

Give 2 aetiologies of hepatic insuficinency

Back 55

end stage liver disease
Ragwort tox

Front 56

What clotting factor is not impaired in liver damage?

Back 56

VIII

Front 57

Why is platelet function altered in liver disease?

Back 57

due to abnormal fibronogen synthesis

Front 58

What vitamin uptake might be impaired that affect clotting as it is fat soluble ?

Back 58

Vit K

Front 59

Acute heptic failure can result in what haemolytic crisis

Back 59

DIC

Front 60

What can happen in horses in acute hepatic failure

Back 60

intravascular haemolysis

Front 61

Why might there be increased pressure in the portal vein?

Back 61

increased resistance to blood flow due to diffuse fibrosis or end stage liver

Front 62

Portal hypertension can esult in

Back 62

Aquired PSS

Front 63

PSS is between

Back 63

Portal vein and systemic circulation

Front 64

What factors contribute to ascites?

Back 64

Portal hypertension causes transudation
Hypoproteinemia (reduced synthesis and loss into intestines)
Increase lymph production (due to increase cap pressure)

Front 65

Superficial necrotising dermatitis due to

Back 65

Hepatocutanoes syndrome
poorly understood

Front 66

What type of tumour may cause Hepatocutanous syndrome in dogs?

Back 66

glucogon secreting pancreatic tumor

Front 67

What plant might cause primary photosensitisation?

Back 67

st johns wort

Front 68

Secondary photosensitisation can be due to

Back 68

Phtodynamic agents form bacteria not being exerted by liver

Front 69

There is an increased susceptibility to septicemia due to

Back 69

reduced filtering of blood by kupfer cells

Front 70

List 6 reactions of liver to injury

Back 70

Cellular atrophy
degen/necro
inflammation
regen/fibrosis
biliary hyperplasia
cirrhosis

Front 71

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Back 71

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