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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary prevention |
reduce disease burden of cancer etiology can avoid cancer few cancers have such a clear prevention strategy |
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secondary prevention |
altering the natural history of the disease through screening |
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cancer screening define |
tests on apparently healthy individuals to sort out those who probably have risk factors |
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sojourn time |
time between when a tumor could be detected to the time before symptoms onset |
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lead time |
time gained between when symptoms arise and when the tumor was detected from screening |
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____ leading cause of deaths in the US |
2nd |
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lifetime risk of developing cancer men and women |
men: 44.7% women: 38% |
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lifetime risk of dying of cancer men and women |
men: 23.61% women: 20.5% |
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sensitivity define |
probability a test detects cancer among asymptomatic individuals who actually have the disease |
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specificity define |
probability a test will correctly identify an healthy individual who doesn't have cancer |
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testing for disease has at least three components |
figuring out who is at risk screening test confirmatory test |
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breast cancer screening |
self breast examination - monthly, starting at 20 clinical breast exam - from 20-39 every 3 years mammogram - annually starting at 40 |
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colorectal cancer screening |
starting at 50 -colonoscopy every 10 years start at 40 if there is a family history familial adenomatous polyposis -start screening at puberty -colectomy -otherwise endoscopy every 1-2 years |
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prostate cancer screening |
annual after 50 -prostate specific antigen -digital rectal exam percentage of free psa ratio psa velocity |
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lung cancer screening |
no routine examination -ct -chest radiograph sputum cytology - does not identify site |
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cervical cancer screening |
21-29 - pap smear every 3 years 30-65 - pap smear and HPV every 5 years if routine testing is not positive after 65 years then should not be screened women who have had HPV vaccine should still follow the screening recommendatons |
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endometrial cancer screening |
no routine screening pap smear is not sensitive enough people usually experience symptoms |
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ovarian cancer screening |
annual pelvic exam beginning at 18 years old -palpate ovaries -abdominal ultrasound |
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testicular cancer screening |
poor candidate for control by screening and early detection highly treatable and curable high risk: cryptochidism, testicular atrophy, orchiopexy checkup every 3 years for those over 20 and every year if over 40 -physicial exam -self detection - low specificity |
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melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer screening |
skin exam by trained health professional -every 3 years 20-39 - annually after 40 high risk: white race, fair complexion, pigmented lesions, xeroderma pigmentosum |
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cancer grade is based on |
degree of differentiation, nuclear features, estimated growth rate based on mitotic rate |
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cancer staging is based on |
features of untreated primary lesion and its metastatic component -tumor size -lymph node involvement -metastasis |
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objectives of staging |
helps plan tx evaluation of tx modality facilitates exchange of info between tx centers worldwide estimates the prognosis for each pt by stage provides data for research |
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what staging system is used for hodgkin's lympoma |
ann arbor |
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what staging system is used for GYN neoplasms |
fIGO |
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what staging system is used for colorectal neoplasms |
DUKE |
