Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What are the 3 types of immunopathologic states?
|
1) Immunodeficient 2) Hyperactive 3) Autoimmune |
|
|
|
1) Type of immunity present before you're born 2) Neutrophils as 1st response 3) Non-specific 4) Rapid |
Innate Immunity
|
|
|
|
What are the components of innate immunity?
|
1) Skin 2) Mucosal membrane/lining epithelium 3) Temperature 4) pH 5) Chemical mediators - lysozymes, interferons, plasma proteins (complement C1-C9) 6) Natural Killer (NK) cells |
|
|
|
What kind of immunofluorescence pattern does SLE have? What type of hypersensitivity?
|
Granular pattern Type 3 HS |
|
|
|
What type of HS causes Rh incompatibility hydrops fetalis?
|
Type 2, Complement mediated HS
|
|
|
|
Components of adaptive immunity.
|
1) Lymphocytes - B & T cells 2) Macrophages/leukocytes/dendritic cells 3) Cytokines - Complement system enhances effectiveness of antibodies |
|
|
|
Types of adaptive immunity.
|
1) Humoral immunity - B cells transform into plasma cells that create anti-bodies 2) Cell-mediated immunity - T cells only Can be passive (transfer from mother or other immune donor) or active (vaccination or prior infection). |
|
|
|
Types of T cells.
|
1) Cytotoxic T cells CD8+ 2) Helper T cells CD4+ 3) Suppressor T cells - Expresses all T-markers CD2, 3, 4, 5, 8, but CD8+ is predominant |
|
|
|
What surface protein expressed by Helper T CD4+ cells is a co-stimulator for maturation and class-switching for B-cells?
|
CD40
|
|
|
|
Types of macrophages/leukocytes depending on organ: Liver, epidermis, alveoli/lungs, bone, brain |
1) Kupffer cells 2) Langerhans cells 3) Dust cells/Alveolar M0 4) Osteoclasts 5) Microglia |
|
|
|
2 types and functions of dendritic cells.
|
1) Interdigitating dendritic - under epithelium, displays captured antigen to activate T-cells 2) Follicular dendritic - in lymphoid follicles in spleen and lymph nodes, displays antigen bound to antibodies to B-cells |
|
|
|
What are the subsets of T-h cells? What cytokines do they produce and function?
|
1) TH-1- IFN-gamma; activate M0, IgG ab production 2) TH-2 - IL4,5,13; allergies, stimulate IgE production, activate mast cells & eosinophils 3) TH-17 - IL17,22 chemokines; inflammatory response and neutrophil recruitment |
|
|
|
What are the different types of TCRs?
|
The beta receptor can only recognize peptides presented by MHC. The gamma-delta receptors recognize peptides, lipids and small molecules that don't have to be presented by MHC. Usually on sentinel cells in epithelium. |
|
|
|
What MHC1 HLA subtypes are linked to which diseases?
|
B8 - Grave's disease, SLE B27 - ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, IBD |
|
|
|
Which MHC2 HLA subtypes are linked to which diseases?
|
DR 2,3,4 - autoimmune diseases like SLE, DM, MS, RA, Goodpasture's Syndrome DR5 - pernicious anemia, Hashimoto's DQ3 - Alopecia areata |
|
|
|
What are the different types of hypersensitivity (HS) disorders?
|
1) Type 1 and 4 - immediate and delayed - generally allergic type reactions 2) Type 2 and 3 - antibody/cell mediated and immune complex/complement mediated - generally seen in autoimmune diseases/transplants |
|
|
|
What histamines are released by mast cells when the antigen bridges with IgE to the mast cell receptor in Type 1 HS?
|
Histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrieneserotonin, bradykinin
|
|
|
|
What are the features of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
|
Rh-(-) mom with Rh-(+) baby. Type 2 HS. Classical complement pathway. - elevated Rh Ab titers - hyperbilirubinemia - initial IgM immune response, then IgG - progressive anemia, ischemia, death of baby - brain damage to fetus - kernicterus - tx with anti-RhD Ig |
|
|
|
What are the features of Goodpasture's Syndrome?
|
Type 2 HS. Classical complement pathway. Antibodies attack alveoli and glomeruli basement membrane. |
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of Type 2 HS?
|
1) Classical Complement Pathway - Erythroblastosis fetalis, Goodpasture syndrome 2) Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) - transplant rejection, neoplasms, parasites 3) Anti-receptor antibodies - myasthenia gravis, Graves disease, pernicious anemia |
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of type 3 HS?
|
Systemic immune complex disease Local immune complex disease - Arthus reaction - similar to anaphylaxis, there is systemic and local variations |
similar to Type 1 HS
|
|
|
Features of Systemic immune complex disease
|
- Ag-Ab complex forms in circulatory system - Complex deposited in tissues near basement membranes - Leading to glromerulonephritis, serum sickness, vasculitis |
|
|
|
Features of Type 4 HS.
|
- Mediated by sensitized CD4+ releasing lymphokines - Macrophage response to lymphokines promote reaction - Leading to contact dermatitis, tuberculin skin reactions, transplant rejection, granulomatous dse |
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of Type 4 HS and their features?
|
Delayed Type HS (DTH) - classical pattern. CD4, macrophage, cytokines mediating recruitment Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) - CD8 cells lyse specific cells |
|
|
|
What are the key factors in transplant rejection?
|
- MHC/HLA - ABO system - T-cell mediated reactions - Type 2 and 4 HS - Antiboy mediated reactions - Type 3 |
|
|
|
The 4 types and causes of kidney transplant rejection.
|
1) Hyperacute - preformed Ab causing immediate vascular injury through ADCC; min to hrs 2) Acute cellular rejection - primarily T-cell mediated; days to months to years. 3) Acute vascular rejection - rejection at vasculature of graft; inflammation and fibrinoid necrosis 4) Chronic rejection - intimal fibrosis with vascular thickening, |
|
|
|
Features of GVHD.
|
- 2 phases - acute with cell necrosis of skin, GI Chronic with dermal fibrosis, desquamative esophagitis, portal tract fibrosis leads to cholestasis. - 3 organs involved - skin, liver, GI - greatest problem in BM transplants |
|
|
|
Features of liver transplants.
|
- Size matching more important than HLA - 2 types of rejection - acute - inflammatory infiltrates - chronic - fibrosis, vascular thickening |
|
|
|
Features of heart transplants
|
- Same as liver, sizing more important than HLA - acute rejection - lymphocytic infiltrates, myocardial necrosis - acute vascular rejection - Ig deposition in small arteries leads to vasculitis |
|
|
|
Feature of bone marrow (BM) translplants.
|
- HLA matching important. - GVHD - donor attacks recipient - hepatic veno-occlusive disease may occure due to chemotherapy agents used to prep patient |
|
|
|
What are the different types of FANA patterns for the different autoimmune diseases?
|
Rim - SLE - systemic lupus Speckled - MCTD - mixed connective tissue dse Nucleolar - PSS - progressive systemic sclerosis Centromere - CREST syndrome |
|
|
|
Which auto-Abs are linked with which disease?
|
SLE - anti-DS DNA, anti-Smith, anti-histone Sjogrens - anti-SS-A & SS-B PSS - anti-DNA topo-isomerase 1 (Scl-70) MCTD - anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) Polymyositis - anti-histidyl-tRNA SLE & others - anti-phospholipid/cardiolipin Ab |
|
|
|
Clinical features of SLE.
|
4/11 for dx - Skin rash, light sensitivity, serositis, ANA (rim pattern, anti-DS, -Smith (most specific)), arthralgia, myalgia, vasculitis, decreased serum complement -Genetic component, drugs can induce SLE (isoniazid, procainamide, hydralazine) showing up with anti-histone Ab |
|
|
|
Clinical features of DLE.
|
Discoid lupus is generally benign and only involves the skin. Malar or butterfly rash most prominent, sunlight exposure increases rash, |
|
|
|
Clinical features of Sjogren's Syndrome.
|
Type 2 & 4 HS with dry eyes and mouth due to inflammation of lacrimal and salivary glands
|
|
|
|
Clinical features of PSS.
|
Two types - Progressive systemic sclerosis/limited scleroderma and diffuse (worst). CREST - calcinosis, Reynaud's, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telandiectasia |
|
|
|
Features of Bruton's Disease.
|
X-linked a-gammaglobulinemia - X-linked recessive so males mostly affected. No Ig production due to B-cell immaturity, BCR not fully developed. Recurrent lung/skin infection by Staph and Hemophilus. Recurrent pneumonia
|
|
|
|
List the immunodeficiency syndromes.
|
X-linked agammagloblulinemia, CVID, DiGeorge, SCID, Wiskott-Aldrich, Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Selective IgA def, complement component def, Chediak Higashi, chronic granulomatous dse, AIDS |
|
|
|
Hallmark of AIDS.
|
Profound immune deficiency primarily affecting cell-mediated immunity (T-cells).
|
|
|
|
Features of CVID
|
Hypo-gammaglobulinemia - IgA & IgG. Multiple gut infections. B cells affected.
|
|
|
|
Features of DiGeorge.
|
CATCH-22 No thymus = thymic hypoplasia = no T cells |
|
|
|
Features of SCID
|
X linked and autosomal recessive variant. X-linked affects B- & T-cells due to defective IL-2 receptor. Recessive due to ADA enzyme def that raise levels of metabolite toxic to lymphocytes. |
|
|
|
Features of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS).
|
IWASTE - Immunodef. caused by WAS causes thrombocytopenia and eczema.
|
IWASTE
|
|
|
What are the tow major targets of HIV?
|
Immune system - T-helpers, macrophages, monocytes CNS - dendritic cells |
All these cells have CD4 receptors
|
|
|
What cell surface proteins must the virus bind to to infect the cell?
|
Primary site is CD4 receptor being antigenic site for gp120, but also CCR5, CXCR4
|
|
