Pathology--Inflammation I&ii

Front 1

Name triggers for inflammatory response

Back 1

Infections, trauma, physical/chemical agents, tissue necrosis (any cause), foreign bodies, immune reactions

Front 2

Name the cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 2

Rubor (red); calor (heat); dolor (pain); (tumor) swelling; loss of function (functio laesa)

Front 3

Name the 2 major components of rapid acute inflammation response

Back 3

1) Vascular (Alterations in caliber that result in an increase in blood flow & structural changes that allow protein-rich fluid to escape)

2) Cellular (Leukocytes migrate through vascular wall, emigrate/accumulate at site of injury, release lytic enzymes, phagocytosis)

Front 4

What is the cause of tumor?

Back 4

Vasodilation with increase in blood flow, increased hydrostatic pressure, and small amount of protein-poor fluid escapes

Front 5

In tumor, where does the fluid come from? What cleans up the fluid?

Back 5

The fluid leaks from intervascular space to interstitial space. Lymphatic system.

Front 6

Name the process by which leukocytes transmigrate across vessel walls

Back 6

diapedesis

Front 7

name the process by which leukocytes emigrate to the cite of injury

Back 7

chemotaxis

Front 8

Name the medium sized leukocyte with 2-lobe nucleus and large granules that stain red

Back 8

Eosinophils. They appear late and help with parasitic infections and allergic rxns

Front 9

Name the medium sized leukocyte with 2-lobe nucleus and large granules that stain blue

Back 9

Basophils. They contain vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)

Front 10

Name the mediators of immune response (2 types-T&B)

Back 10

Lymphocytes

Front 11

Which are the first cells to arrive to the cite of injury?

Back 11

Neutrophils

Front 12

Name the binding/recognition sites for neutrophils and macrophages

Back 12

opsonins (they facilitate attachment; leading to engulfment)

Front 13

Name the WBC responsible for attracting fibroblasts (rebuilders)

Back 13

Macrophages

Front 14

Name the 3 types of exudates

Back 14

Non-cellular, cellular, mixed

Front 15

Name the 3 types of cellular exudates

Back 15

purulent, suppurative, cellulitis

Front 16

These characteristics define what kind of exudate: fibrinogen excapes from vascular space; fibrinogen makes fibrin (classic example: irritation of a pleural or serosal surface)

Back 16

The characteristics of fibrinous exudate

Front 17

These characteristics define what kind of exudate: noninfectious setting, no cells, fluid contains proteins, classic example: blister

Back 17

Name the characteristics of serous exudate

Front 18

These characteristics define what kind of exudate: primarily neutrophils within or on the surface of a tissue without significant tissue destruction

Back 18

Purulent exudate (cellular)

Front 19

These characteristics define what kind of exudate: neutrophils release lytic enzymes that destroy tissue(type of liquefaction necrosis)--ic appendicitis with necrosis and perforation

Back 19

suppurative exudate (pus)

Front 20

These characteristics define what kind of exudate: A spreadin, fiffuse inflammatory rxn to bacteria consisting of neutrophil "steaming" through and undermining subcutaneous tissue and adjacent muscles

Back 20

Cellulitis or phlegmonous inflammation

Front 21

What do you need to tell cellulitis (phlegmon) from purulent inflammatoin?

Back 21

Clinical history

Front 22

This exudate is observed following injury to surface epithelium followed by neutrophils and fibrin (seen only in mucous membranes) OR described as superficial necrosis of a mucosal surface followed by an outpouring of exudate consisting of both fibrin and neutrophils

Back 22

Pseudomembranous (mixed exudate)

Front 23

Define RFLP

Back 23

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (single nucleotide changes where RE's cut)

Front 24

VNTR

Back 24

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
Also called minisatellite
10-100 bp core unit

Front 25

SSR or STR

Back 25

Simple Sequence Repeat or Simple Tandem Repeat also microsatellite
1-5 bp core unit

Front 26

SNP

Back 26

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism commonly used to also include rare variants

Front 27

INDEL

Back 27

small (few nucleotides) insertion or deletion

Front 28

CNV

Back 28

Copy Number Variation Rearrangement Iinversion, duplicatoin complex rearrangement

Front 29

Allelic Heterogeneity

Back 29

many different mutations all on the same gene, can be seen in the affected population

Front 30

Germline mosaicism

Back 30

eggo or sperm may carry the mutation but it is not seen in somatic cells

Front 31

Locus heterogeneity

Back 31

mutations in different loci, usually in different genes, that result in the same phenotype