Pathology - Immunology: Overview

Front 1

What made the increasing complexity of the immune system possible?

Back 1

Gene duplication

Front 2

What is the earliest form of immune defence?

Back 2

Innate immunity.

Front 3

Where abouts is the innate immunity most important?

Back 3

Mucosal and cutaneous sites.
Those most likely to encounter pathogens.

Front 4

What mediates the initial response to tissue damage or infection?

Back 4

Acute or chronic inflammation

Front 5

WHat does acute inflamation, in broad terms involve

Back 5

Vasoactive events allowing recruitment of neutrophils

Front 6

What does chronic inflammation involve, in broad terms.

Back 6

Recruitment of macrophages into affected tissue

Front 7

What induces the systemic signs associated with chronic inflammattion.

Back 7

Proinflmmatory cytokines interacting with CNS regulating homeostasis

Front 8

What can we measure in the blood to monitor for inflammation?

Back 8

Acute phase proteins.

Front 9

What is the seqeula to inflammation?

Back 9

Tissue repair

Front 10

What leads to granulomas?

Back 10

Persistence of the initators of inflammation

Front 11

What is the cell that links the innate and adaptive immunity?

Back 11

Dendritic cell

Front 12

How do the effects of the adaptive immunity differ to that of the innate?

Back 12

Slower, more potent and more specific.

Front 13

Name the 3 key innate cell types

Back 13

Neutrophil
Macrophage
NK Cell
+dendritic cell

Front 14

What cells initiate the inflammatory response?

Back 14

Resident/sentinel cells.

Tissue macropahges
Dendiritc cells
Mast cells

Front 15

What makes the sentinel cells able to identiy pathogens?

Back 15

Surface receptors. Alarmins.

Front 16

What are the major things that sentinel cells will release when interacting with a pathogen?

Back 16

Cytokins
chemokines
vasoactive mediators.

Front 17

What happens to the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels in an inflammatory response?

Back 17

Express adhesion molecules. Allowing adhesion of leucocytes and their migration.

Front 18

What are the first cells to extravasate and migrate

Back 18

Neutrophils

Front 19

How quickly do neutrophils arrive?

Back 19

within few hours of acute inflam response.

Front 20

What happens to the vessel wall during acute inflammation

Back 20

Stretches and exposes collagen.
Initates coagulation involving platelets and coagulation

Front 21

By what process do recruited neutrophils migrate to sit eof pathogen?

Back 21

Chemotaxis.

Front 22

Stretching of endothelium will else what?

Back 22

Collagen

Front 23

Whatdoes eased collagen on endothelium do?

Back 23

Initiates coagulation. Platelets and coagulation factors.

Front 24

What does the respirator burst involve?

Back 24

NADPH complex and uptake of oxygen.

Front 25

List key inflammatory mediators released at the site of inflammation

Back 25

Alarmins
Histamine (derived from mast cells)
Kinins (eg bradykinin)
Chemokines (recruitment of leucocytes from blood)
Cytokines (recruitment and activation of leucocytes)
Alternate pathway of complement
Coagulation factors
Vasoactive lipids (eicanansoids)

Front 26

What can the eicanansoids be converted to?

Back 26

Leukotrienes

Front 27

What are eicosanoids derived from?

Back 27

Arachidonic acid

Front 28

What is Arachidonic acid released from?

Back 28

Amaged cell membranes by action of phospholipases

Front 29

What can the eicosanoids converted to?

Back 29

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Prostacylins

Front 30

How quickly does chronic inflammation begins.

Back 30

24-48hours

Front 31

How is chronic inflammation characterised?

Back 31

Recruitment of monocytes from blood

Front 32

What is the macrophages role in tissue redevelopment?

Back 32

Phagocytosis of debris from neutrophils

Releasing necrotic tissue

Releasing enzymes capable of connective tissue remodelling

Front 33

What are m1 macrophages?

Back 33

Macrophages able to generate NO

Front 34

What is NO generate red from?

Back 34

Arginine

Front 35

What doe M2 macropahges do?

Back 35

Asinine to ornithine.

Promote tissue repair, non inflammatory

Front 36

What is the main cause of systemic causes of illness?

Back 36

Cytokines released from activated macrophages.

Front 37

What are the main pro inflammatory cytokines released from activated macrophages?

Back 37

Il1
Il6
TNF-alpha

Front 38

What do macro proinflam cytokines do to nerve ending s and blood vessels?

Back 38

Directly activate and enter.

Front 39

What do proinflam cytokines macrophages do to liver?

Back 39

Stimulate production of acute phase proteins.

Front 40

List the key acute phase proteins

Back 40

C reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Haptoglobin

Front 41

What does c reactive protein do?

Back 41

Opsonising agent

Front 42

What does serum amyloid a do?

Back 42

Leucocytes chemo attractant and some immunosuppressive function

Front 43

What does Haptoglobin do?

Back 43

Binds iron and sequesters from bacteria which have obligate metabolic req.

Front 44

Name a bacteria capable of subcting normal protective measures.

Back 44

Mycobacterium bovis

Front 45

What do thing alike m bovis, large structures or inert irritants induce?

Back 45

Granuloma

Front 46

What is a granuloma?

Back 46

Chronic, persistent foci of inflammation walled off from normal tissue.

Front 47

Describe a granuloma

Back 47

Necrotic core plus neutrophils and eosinophils, surrounded by macrophages.
Surrounded by zone of fibrous connective tissue.

Front 48

What might macrophages in a granuloma do?

Back 48

Form multi cleats giant cells.

Front 49

What might an infectious granuloma contain in addition to a sterile one?

Back 49

Lymphocytes.

Front 50

What do M2 macrophages produce?

Back 50

Fibroblast and blood vessel growth factors.

Cytokine: transforming groth factor (TGF)

Front 51

Outline role of sentinel dendritic cells.

Back 51

Samples foreign material, transports antigen via lumphatics to closest area of organised lymphatic tissue.

Front 52

What are the lymphoid cells of the adaptive immunity?

Back 52

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

Front 53

Outline role of t cells

Back 53

Produce cytokines s d chemokine messengers that direct and regular the immune response.

Front 54

Outline role of b cells

Back 54

Transform to late stage plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies

Front 55

Outline activation of adaptive immune response.

Back 55

Antigen transported to lymph tissue by dendritic cells.

This activates Antigen specific t cells, this then activates antigen specific b cells. Lymphocytes then sent to site.

Front 56

How long does it take for full effector response

Back 56

4-7 days

Front 57

What is the regulatory response?

Back 57

Process that will switch off immune response when it is no longer needed.