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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dystrophic calcification
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Calcium phosphate deposition in necrotic tissue
Normal serum Ca, PO4 e.g. athersclerosis, pancreatitis |
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Metastatic calcification
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Calcium phosphate deposition in normal tissue
Due to: High serum Ca: Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy-induced hypercalcemia and/or High PO4: Renal failure, Primary hypoparathyroidism |
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Labile cells
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Stem cells
Divide continuously |
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Coagulative necrosis
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Preservation of structural outline of dead cells
Absent nuclei/karyolysis Denaturation of enzymes & structural proteins -> No autolysis e.g. MI, dry gangrene |
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Liquefactive necrosis
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Caused by Lysosomal enzymes released by necrotic cells and/or neutrophils
e.g. cerebral infarction, bacterial abscess, wet gangrene |
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BAX gene function
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(+) caspases
Causes apoptosis |
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Bcl-2 gene function
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Anti-apoptotic
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Activators of neutrophil adhesion molecules
(3) |
C5a
Leukotriene B4 Endotoxins |
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Inhibitors of neutrophil adhesion molecules
(3) |
Catecholamines
Corticosteroids Lithium Causes neutrophilic leukocytosis |
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Chemotactic mediators (4)
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C5a
LTB4 bacterial products IL-8 |
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2 main opsonins
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IgG
C3b |
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Acute phase reactants (3)
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Ferritin
Coagulation factors e.g. fibrinogen C-RP |
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_____ released by _______ activates macrophages in granuloma formation
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Gamma-interferon released by CD4+ Th1 cells (+) macrophages
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2 important genes which control progression from G1 to S phase?
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p53
RB |
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Nutritional deficiencies in which 3 co-factors causes impaired wound healing?
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Vitamin C: hydroxylates proline & lysine allowing for cross-linking of collagen
Copper: Lysyl oxidase co-factor therefore deficiency ⇩ crosslinking of collagen Zinc: collagenase cofactor therefore deficiency ⇩ remodelling which is imp't to ⇧ tensile strength |
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Autoantibodies assoc. w/scleroderma
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CREST: Anticentromere
Diffuse: Anti-Scl-70 |
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Autoantibody assoc. w/ Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
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Antimitochondrial
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Autoantibody assoc. w/ Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
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Antimicrosomal
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Autoantibody assoc. w/ polymyositis, dermatomyositis
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Anti-Jo-1
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Autoantibodies specific to SLE?
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Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith |
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What 2 factors mediate "tight binding" in leukocyte extravasation?
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Leukocyte: LFA-1
Endothelial Cell: ICAM-1 |
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Which is more prognostic - stage or grade of tumor?
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Stage (degree of spread)
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TNM staging
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T = size
N = node involvement M = metastases |
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Tuberous Sclerosis is assoc. w/ which neoplasms?
(2) |
Astrocytoma
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma |
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DPC gene mutation causes ____?
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Pancreatic Cancer
Is a tumor suppressor gene therefore both alleles must be lost for expression of disease |
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DCC gene mutation causes ____?
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Colon Cancer
Is a tumor suppressor gene therefore both alleles must be lost for expression of disease |
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Alpha fetoprotein is a marker for which 2 tumors?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis (e.g. yolk sac tumor) |
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Beta-hCG is a marker for which 3 tumors?
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Hydatidiform moles
Choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic tumors mnemonic: HCG |
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CA-19-9 is tumor marker for?
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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EBV is assoc w/ which cancers?
(3) |
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNS lymphoma in ppl w/AIDS |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to brain?
(5) |
Lung
Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney GI |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to liver?
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In descending prevalence:
Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to bone?
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Prostate **
Breast ** Thyroid Testes Lung Kidney |
