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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which gene promotes Ovarian differentiation and development.
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DAXI
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Which gene encodes for testicular development?
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SRY--> TDF--> Sox9
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Which cell in the testicle is responsible for regression of the Mullerian duct?
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Sertoli Cells
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Which duct is associated with female internal gentialia
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Mullerian Duct
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Which duct is associated with male internal genitailia
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Wolffian Duct
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Male Calico Cats are example of what type of sex disorder
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chromosomal sex disorder
XXY or XX/XY infertile or fertile |
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A free martin is a
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female co-twin born as a XX but exhibits male characteristics
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A free martin is an exmaple of what type of chromosomal sex disorder?
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chimeria
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What is a chimeria?
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an individual composed of 2 or more cell populations arising from DIFFERENT individuals Ex. Free Martin Calf
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What is a mosaic?
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An individual composed of 2 or more cell populations arising from the SAME individual.
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What is a true hermaphrodite?
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Ovaries and testes present in the same individual. Ambigous external genitaila may be seen but rare, seen more in dogs, goats, pigs
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What is a pseudohermaphrodite?
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occurs when chromosomal and gonadal sex agree but internal or external genitalia are ambiguous
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What do you all an individual composed of 2 or more cell population each arising from different individuals?
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chimera
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A male calico cat is an example of what type of sexual developmental disorder.
a. chromosomal sex b. gonadal sex c. phenotypic sex |
a. chromosomal sex disorder
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these abnormalities occur when chromosomal and gonadal sex agree, but the internal or external genitalia are ambiguous?
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This is an abnormalities in pehnotypic sex and would be called a pseudhermaphrodite.
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What is your morphological diagnosis?
a. white heifer disease b. female pseudohermaphrodite c. uterus unicornis d. segmental aplasia of the uterine horn |
d.
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Papillary cystadenomas in bitches may contribute to the appearance of ascites
true or false |
true. Papillary cystadenomas in dogs may metastisize in lymphatics and cause ascitiess
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What is your etiological diagnosis?
a. coital exanthema b. herpesviral vaginitis and vuvlitis c. equine herpesvirus-3 d. Dourine |
B. Herpesviral vaginitis and vulvitis
- is caused by etiology- EHV-3 and associated with Dourine |
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What is segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct?
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failure of the uterine horn to develop
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What is the uterus unicornis
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the complete absence of a uterine horn
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What is the name of the condition that results in aplasia of the uterine horn?
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White Heifer disease
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What is the most common cysts in the ovary
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cystic graafian follicle and it is caused by insufficient LH
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What is inflammation of the ovary and what is it caused by?
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oophoritis0 caused by tuberculosis of the peritoneal cavity or salmonella in poultry
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Dysgerminoma is
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tumors of primordial germ cells of the embryonic gonads. All malignant.
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Granulosa Cell Tumor (granulosa theca cells)
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most common in cows/mares
steroidally active diagnostic- call-exner bodies malignant and may met |
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What is histologically diagnositc of Granulosa Cell Tumors?
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Call-Exner bodies
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Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis is caused by
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BVH-1
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How does endometrial hyperplasia lead to pyometria
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endometrium--> syntehesis of progesterone receptors --> progesterone immunosuppresses--> suitable environment for bacteria--> pyometra
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Contagious Equine Metritis is a reportable disease caused by which Gram negative bacteria
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Tayorella
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What does contagious equine metritis cause?
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temporary infertility--> moderate inflammation
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what is mastitis?
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inflammation due to infectious agents that gain access to the mammary gland by the teat canal or by spread in blood/lymphatics
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Contagious mastitis is most commonly caused by
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Streptococcal agalactiae
Staphylococcal aureus Mycoplasma spp |
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which pathogen causes contagious agalactia in goats/sheep?
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Mycoplasma spp
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Environmental mastitis is commonly caused by which pathogens
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coliforms (E.coli)
most animals present with toxemia |
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In Ewes and goats mastitis is commonly caused by
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S. areus and M. heamolytica
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Canine mammary tumors are dependent on
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age and hormones
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Young dogs are likely to develop _____ tumors while dogs >9.5 are likely to develop _____.
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benign, malignant
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Feline mammary tumors are more likely to be malignant than Canine mammary tumors?
T/F |
True
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What is the single most important prognostic factor in feline mammary tumors?
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size <2 cm better prognosis
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Diseases of the scrotum include?
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scrotal dermatitis--> dermatophilus congolensis, Besnoitia besnoiti, fungi and ectoparasites (Chorioptes bovis)
Scrotal frostbite inflammation |
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Hydrocele and hematocele in the tunica vaginalis
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Hydrocele- fluid accumulation in the vagina cavity
accumulation of blood due to trauma |
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What is the consequence of scrotal inflammation, hydrocele, and hematocele?
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testicular degeneration
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Cryptorchidism is
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incomplete descent of the testes
retained testes lack spermatogenesis and compromise fertility increased rates of teticular neoplasia |
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Monorchia is
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presence of 1 testis usually cryptochidism, agenesis is rare
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Testicular hypoplasia is a result of
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cryptochidism, some interesex conditions ,hereditary
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The most common cause of male infertility is
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testicular degeneration
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How is testicular degeneration manifested?
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atrophy, mineralization, fibrosis.
Sertoli cells develop vaculation of cytopalsm, disorganization and exfoliation of germ cells, many spermatids are necrotic a |
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Orchitis, epididymitis are both associated with what pathogen?
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Brucella abortus
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In rams epididymitis is usually a result of this infection.
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Actinobacillus seminis or Histophilus spp
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Leydig tumors are
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interstitial cell tumors derived from endocrine cells. mostly benign
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Sertoli cell tumors are
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malignant or benign.
most common and well known testicular tumor cause feminization syndrome |
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What are common clinical signs of prostate diseases?
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tenesmus, hematuria, anorexia, lethargy, urethral discharge, infertility
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what are some pathogens that cause prostatitis?
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E.coli, P. vulgaris, strep, staphy, Brucella canis, systemic fungal infection- Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Prostatic hyperplasia and metaplasia is common in what species and age group
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dogs, 4-5 years old, INTACT
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Prostatic neoplasia is common in what age group/species
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dogs >10 years old
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Penile hypoplasia is assoicated with
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early castration or intersex condtions
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Peristent frenulum is associated with what species
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Bull. It is aconnection between the ventral penis and prepuce
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What are important primary neoplasms that infect the penis/prepuce
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transmissible fibropapilloma in bull (BPV-2)
transmissible genital papilloma in swine Squamous papilloma and sqaumous cell carcinoma in horse transmissible veneral tumor in dogs |
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Diseases of the scrotum include?
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scrotal dermatitis--> dermatophilus congolensis, Besnoitia besnoiti, fungi and ectoparasites (Chorioptes bovis)
Scrotal frostbite inflammation |
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Hydrocele and hematocele in the tunica vaginalis
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Hydrocele- fluid accumulation in the vagina cavity
accumulation of blood due to trauma |
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What is the consequence of scrotal inflammation, hydrocele, and hematocele?
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testicular degeneration
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Cryptorchidism is
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incomplete descent of the testes
retained testes lack spermatogenesis and compromise fertility increased rates of teticular neoplasia |
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Monorchia is
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presence of 1 testis usually cryptochidism, agenesis is rare
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Testicular hypoplasia is a result of
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cryptochidism, some interesex conditions ,hereditary
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The most common cause of male infertility is
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testicular degeneration
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How is testicular degeneration manifested?
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atrophy, mineralization, fibrosis.
Sertoli cells develop vaculation of cytopalsm, disorganization and exfoliation of germ cells, many spermatids are necrotic a |
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Orchitis, epididymitis are both associated with what pathogen?
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Brucella abortus
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In rams epididymitis is usually a result of this infection.
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Actinobacillus seminis or Histophilus spp
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What is an amniotic plaque
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a foci of squamous epithelium on the internal (fetal) side of the amnion
usually present in bovine amnion during middle trimester |
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order of terminology to describe death of embryo/fetus?
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embryonic death--> abortion--> stillbirth--> mummification--> maceration
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Abortion is
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expulsion of fetus prior to time of expected viability
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Still birth is
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death of fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where independently viable
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Mummification is
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fetus is retained indefinitely and becomes dehydrated
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What are some common causes of mummification?
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twining in horses
BVD in cattle Canine herpesvirus in dogs uterine horn torsion in cat parvoviral infection- sow |
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Maceration is
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the dead fetus is retained and infected by bacteria and may be associated with dystocia or incomplete abortion, may lead to pyometra and maternal death from peritonitis and toxemia
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Placental insufficiency may lead to
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fetal death, mummification, abortion. Seen with twinning, endometrial fibrosis, premature placental separation, uterine body pregnancy, torsion of umbilical cord. Important in mares
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Adeventitial placentation is
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the development of intercotyledonary placentation in cattle as a mechanisms of compensation for inadqueate development of placentomes
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Abortogenic agents include
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Brucella spp,
Chlamydophila abortus Coxiella brunetti Leptospira spp Listeria Salmonella Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Neospora caninum Toxoplasma gondii Herpesvirus Pestivirus |
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What are the criteria for submission of aborted bovine fetuses for DX evaluation?
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Abortion rate exceeds 3%
Number of animals abort over short time period |
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A cow aborted there are myocardial lesions (myocarditis and myocardial necrosis) What is the most likely cause of abortion?
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BVD, Neospora caninum, nutritional myopathy
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Abortion associated with dermatitis
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mycotic abortion
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Most important lesions on the placenta- amnionitis
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ureaplasma spp
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abortion associated with focal necrosis of the liver
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herpesviral infection IBP/IPV
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Camplyobacter fetus sbsp veneralis:
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true genital infection in cattle
Early embryonic deaths at 3-4 wks gross placental lesions- intercotyledonary placentitis and necrosis of cotyledon |
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Tritichomonas foetus:
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pyometra, embryonic death or overt abortion
protozoa in preputial washes, vaginal mucus |
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Brucella abortus
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abortions at 7-9 months
necrotizing placentitis chronic placentitis- lesions are not uniform, some cotyledons may appear normal and others with extensive necrosis Show evidence of pneumonia |
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Listeriosis
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last trimester in cattle and sheep
exudative intercotyledonary placentitis pinpoint yellow foci of necrosis in liver, lung, mycardium, kidney, adrenal,spleen, brain |
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Leptospiral abortion:
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last trimester
no placental or fetal characteristics lesions Diagnosis is dependent on antibody titers rapidly autolyzed fetus |
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Ureaplasma diversum
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last trimester
amnion is most severely affected amnionitis- patchy thickening with fibrosis and multifocal areas of necrosis, hemorrhage and fibrin exudation |
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Mycotic abortion
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dermititis in aborted fetus
aspergillus fumigates, zygomycetes |
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Neospora caninum
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most abortions @ 5-6 months of gestations
no useful identifying gross lesions also a cause of abortion in sheep and goats Organisms may be identified in focal brain lesions (focal non-suppurative encephalitis) |
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Viral abortion in cattle is caused by:
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bovine viral diarrhea and akabane virus
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Pregnancy failure in sheep is caused by:
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Brucella ovis, Salmonella spp, Listeria moncytogenes, Leptospira spp, Bluetongue, Wesselsbron, Rift Valley Fever, Cache Valley virus, Iodine deficiency
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Camplyobacter foetus subsp foetus in sheep
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lesions are characterized by intercotyledonary placetitis and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
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Chlamydophila abortus
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Ovine enzootic abortion and enzooticabortion of ewes. Important cause of in utero infections in sheep and goats resutling in abortion, stillbirth and birth of weak offspring
Infected in eary gestation--> abort in same gestaion Infected in late gestation--> abort during the next pregnancy placental lesions--> acute suppurative to chronic placentitis |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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infection source is cats
Naive ewes develop protective immunity buti nfection of cotyledon during infection will lead to abortion. Cotyledons are bright to dark red and have numerous soft white nodules (strawberry like lesions) |
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Border Disease (hairy shaker disease)
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infection can result in embryonic or fetal death, abortion, mummificiation, dysmorphogenesis, early postnatal death, and birth of weak lambs
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What are the most common causes of pregnancy failure in goats?
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Coxiella burnetti, trauma, and stress
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Coxiella burnetti)
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Q-fever
Zoonotic late gestation and weak lambs and kids born acute diffuse suppurative placentitis |
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pregnancy failure in mares
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ALWAYS examine placenta/umbilical cord
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Umbilical cord abnormalities
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long cords associated with foal strangulation and necrosis of cervical pole of placenta
short cords associated with premature separation of placenta at the site of attachment. |
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Mare reproductive loss syndrome and late term abortions (MRLS)--
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abortion syndrome that reached epidemic proportion. --> catepillars
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Equine Herpesvirus causes abortion in horses, what are the prominent changes in fetus
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fibrin cast in trachea
interstitial pneumonia focal necrosis of liver prominent lymphoid follicles in the spleen. |
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Failure of pregnancy in pigs
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most due to infections
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Brucella suis
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abortion occurs between 2-3 months of pregnancy, high incidence of still born and weak piglets born at term.
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SMEDI -->
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porcine parvovirus
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classical signs of porcine parvovirus include?
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full term litter consisting of small mummified fetuses ranging up to full-grown stillborn or live weak piglets due to progressive infection in utero, abortion rarely occurs.
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What are common causes of pregnancy failure of dog and cats.
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Salmonella spp, Brucella canis
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Brucella canis
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pregnant bitches may abort after 30 days, but most abortions occur after 50 days.
prolonged vaginal discharge after abortion |
