Pathology Ii

Front 1

Keratomalacia

Back 1

Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET

Front 2

Metabisfite Test

Back 2

Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
294. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2

Front 3

Microangiopathic Hemolytic
Anemia

Back 3

Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
296. See Helmet cells

Front 4

Wright’s stain

Back 4

Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma

Front 5

Mononucleosis

Back 5

Due to EBV infeciton
299. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.

Front 6

T(8;14)

Back 6

Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression

Front 7

T(9;22)

Back 7

CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation

Front 8

Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis

Back 8

Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
303. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape

Front 9

Myeloid Metaplasia

Back 9

Alkaline phosphatase ↑/normal compare to CML = low to absent
305. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis

Front 10

Multiple Myeloma

Back 10

306. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; ↑ proliferation of plasma cells in BM
= plasma cell dx
307. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA
308. Hypercalcemia (↑ bone destruction)

Front 11

T(14;18)

Back 11

NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (FOLLICULAR)
LYMPHOMA

Front 12

Focal Segmental GN exs

Back 12

IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)

Front 13

Nephrotic Syndrome exs

Back 13

Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN;
Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine

Front 14

Schistosoma Haematobium

Back 14

Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is
transitional cell type)
313. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction

Front 15

Penicillin Resistant PID

Back 15

PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides
species

Front 16

Duret Hemorrhages

Back 16

Severe ↑ in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a
compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
316. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas

Front 17

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

Back 17

Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages

Front 18

Cerebral Embolism from

Back 18

MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis;
Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect

Front 19

Neurosyphilis

Back 19

Tabes Dorsalis = ↓ joint position sensation, ↓ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
320. Syphilitic meningitis
321. Paretic neurosyphilis

Front 20

5p-

Back 20

Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry

Front 21

Trisomy 13

Back 21

Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

Front 22

Acute Cold Agglutinaiton

Back 22

Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs
325. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

Front 23

Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton

Back 23

Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM
Abs

Front 24

RBC Osmotic Fragility

Back 24

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Front 25

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

Back 25

Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
329. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
330. Large Cell
331. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
332. SMALL NON CLEAVED = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo
appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL

Front 26

Singer’s Nodules

Back 26

Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice

Front 27

Paraseptal emphysema

Back 27

Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax

Front 28

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Back 28

Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.

Front 29

Betel nuts

Back 29

Associated to oral cancer.

Front 30

Fundal (Type A) Gastritis

Back 30

Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases

Front 31

Antral (Type B) Gastritis

Back 31

Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer

Front 32

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Back 32

Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
340. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)

Front 33

Acute Pancreatitis

Back 33

↑ pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; ↑ serum amylase
342. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back

Front 34

Radiating Back Pain

Back 34

Chronic pancreatitis

Front 35

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Back 35

No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX

Front 36

Partial Hydatidiform Mole

Back 36

Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs

Front 37

Cold Nodules

Back 37

Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up
iodine]

Front 38

Acidophils

Back 38

Mammotrophs = Prolactin
348. Somatotrophs = GH

Front 39

Basophils

Back 39

Thyrotrophs = TSH
350. Gonadotrophs = LH
351. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH

Front 40

Lacunar Strokes

Back 40

Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
353. Sensory: lesion of thalamus
354. Motor: lesion of internal capsule

Front 41

CSF of Bacterial Meningitis

Back 41

↓ Glucose; ↑ Protein; ↑ Neutrophils; ↑ Pressure

Front 42

CSF of Viral Meningitis

Back 42

Normal Glucose; +/-↑ Protein; ↑ Lymphocytes

Front 43

Marble Bone Disease

Back 43

Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of ↑d bone density, many fractures = ↓
osteoclasts

Front 44

C5a

Back 44

Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)

Front 45

C3b

Back 45

Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)

Front 46

Anaphylotoxins

Back 46

C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)

Front 47

Vasoactive Mediators

Back 47

Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
362. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF
363. ↑d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF

Front 48

Platelet Aggregation

Back 48

ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF

Front 49

Platelet Antagonist

Back 49

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Front 50

Intrinsic Pathway

Back 50

F XII (Hagman): APTT

Front 51

Extrinsic Pathway

Back 51

F VII: PT

Front 52

Lines of Zahn

Back 52

Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)

Front 53

Transudate

Back 53

Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein

Front 54

Exudate

Back 54

Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein

Front 55

Hurler’s

Back 55

Lysosomal storage disease α L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation

Front 56

Galactosemia

Back 56

Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. ↑ Galactose 1 Phosphate

Front 57

Phenylketonuria

Back 57

Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. ↑ Phenyalanine & degradation products
381. Mousy body odor

Front 58

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

Back 58

Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
383. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
384. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
385. Hereditary Spherocytosis
386. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p)
387. Marfan’s Syndrome
388. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s)
389. Tuberous Sclerosis
390. Von Hippel Lindau Disease

Front 59

Autosomal Recessive Diseases

Back 59

Tay-Sachs
392. Gaucher’s
393. Niemann-Pick
394. Hurler’s
395. Von Gierke’s
396. Pompe’s
397. Cori’s
398. McArdle’s
399. Galactosemia
400. PKU
401. Alcaptonuria

Front 60

X Linked Recessive Diseases

Back 60

Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, ↑ Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
403. Fabry’s Disease (α Galactosidase A deficiency, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
404. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
405. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, ↑ Uric acid)
406. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, ↑ Ceremide trihexoside)
407. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)

Front 61

Hypersensitivity Reactions
“ACID”

Back 61

Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
409. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions;
Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures
410. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs:
Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated
Glomerular Disease
411. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells.
Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing

Front 62

Transplant Rejections

Back 62

Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
413. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only
rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.
414. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.

Front 63

Blood Metastasis

Back 63

Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Front 64

Lymph Metastasis

Back 64

Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Front 65

Aflatoxin

Back 65

Seen w/ Aspergillus. ↑ risk for Hepatocellular CA

Front 66

Cleft Lip

Back 66

Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence

Front 67

Cleft Palate

Back 67

Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial
palatine prominence

Front 68

Craniopharyngioma

Back 68

Pituitary tumor - usually calcified

Front 69

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Back 69

Inolved in Vision relay

Front 70

Medial Geniculate Body

Back 70

Involved in Hearing relay

Front 71

Lung Development

Back 71

Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth
Alveolar period birth-8yoa

Front 72

Heart’s 1st Beat

Back 72

21-22 days

Front 73

Foregut

Back 73

Mouth toMidgut Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery

Front 74

Midgut

Back 74

Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct  Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior
Mesenteric artery

Front 75

Hindgut

Back 75

Splenic Flexure to Butt crack supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Front 76

Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons

Back 76

Narcolepsy

Front 77

Type I Error

Back 77

α: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis

Front 78

Subdural Hematoma

Back 78

Ruptured cerebral bridging veins

Front 79

Epidural Hematoma

Back 79

Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture

Front 80

Type II Error

Back 80

β: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
cannot be measured by P-value

Front 81

Power

Back 81

1 - β

Front 82

d-Dimers

Back 82

DIC

Front 83

Delusion

Back 83

Disorder of thought content

Front 84

Loose Association

Back 84

Skip from topic to topic

Front 85

5 Stages of Death

Back 85

Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance

Front 86

1st Branchial Arch

Back 86

Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear

Front 87

2nd Branchial Arch

Back 87

Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear

Front 88

Median nerve lesion

Back 88

No pronation

Front 89

Radial nerve lesion

Back 89

Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture

Front 90

Common peroneal lesion

Back 90

Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

Front 91

Direct inguinal hernia

Back 91

Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in older men

Front 92

Indirect inguinal hernia

Back 92

Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close

Front 93

@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12

Back 93

T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus
T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein

Front 94

Hemiballism

Back 94

Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus

Front 95

O Linked Oligosaccharide

Back 95

In the Golgi

Front 96

N Linked Oligosaccharide

Back 96

In the RER

Front 97

MLF Syndrome

Back 97

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS

Front 98

ADA Deficiency

Back 98

SCID

Front 99

Raphe Nucleus

Back 99

Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance

Front 100

β waves

Back 100

Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”

Front 101

Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes

Back 101

Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Front 102

Irreversible Gluconeogenesis
Enzymes

Back 102

PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium

Front 103

Pellagra

Back 103

Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnup’s Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use

Front 104

TLCFN

Back 104

Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & α Ketoglutarate DH complex

Front 105

LCAT or PCAT

Back 105

Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase

Front 106

HMGCoA Reductase

Back 106

Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA  Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin

Front 107

Ketogenic amino acids

Back 107

Leucine & Lysine

Front 108

Glucogenic amino acids

Back 108

Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine

Front 109

Keto & Gluco amino acids

Back 109

Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine

Front 110

Carnitine Shuttle

Back 110

Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption

Front 111

Cori Cycle

Back 111

Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use

Front 112

(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)

Back 112

Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [↑ heart contractility]

Front 113

TCA Cycle Products

Back 113

“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate  Aconitate  Isocitrate  α Ketoglutarate  Succinyl  Succinate  Fumarate 
Malate OAA

Front 114

Cones

Back 114

Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.

Front 115

Rods

Back 115

Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.

Front 116

Gastrula

Back 116

Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo

Front 117

Epiblast

Back 117

@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to
Ecto.

Front 118

Sydenham’s Chorea

Back 118

Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus

Front 119

(+) Frei Test

Back 119

Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum

Front 120

Sabouraud’s Agar

Back 120

Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings

Front 121

Barr Body

Back 121

Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO

Front 122

Aortic Insufficiency Signs

Back 122

Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation

Front 123

Scleroderma :”CREST”

Back 123

Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis

Front 124

Cretinism

Back 124

Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button

Front 125

Hemochromatosis Triad

Back 125

Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to ↑ Fe3+ deposition