Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The term used for the cause of disease is...
|
ETIOLOGY
|
|
|
The term for treatment induced disease is...
|
IATROGENIC
|
|
|
Subjective experiences of disease by a patient are called...
|
SYMPTOMS
|
|
|
Elevated levels of CK-MB and Troponin T occur in irreversible damage to which organ?
|
HEART
|
|
|
The mineral/electrolyte that accumulates in the cytosol and triggers activation of destructive intracellular enzymes during hydropic degeneration is...
|
CALCIUM
|
|
|
The function of catalase is to convert...
|
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TO WATER
|
|
|
A substance that decreases intracellularly during cloudy swelling is...
|
ATP
|
|
|
In the Fenton reaction, the following substance becomes a free radical generator...
|
IRON
|
|
|
Decreased blood supply to a tissue is called...
|
ISCHEMIA
|
|
|
Name the situation in which a person's belief systems conflicts with their actions and may predispose to disease.
|
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
|
|
|
A form of necrosis resulting from phagocytic activity in the brain is
|
LIQUEFACTION NECROSIS
|
|
|
The characteristic form necrosis in tuberculosis is
|
CASEOUS NECROSIS
|
|
|
An increased number of cells in an organ or tissue is known as
|
HYPERPLASIA
|
|
|
A change in esophageal epithelium from squamous to columnar in a patient with chronic reflux is
|
METAPLASIA
|
|
|
Which type of cellular change is most likelky to be malignant?
|
ANAPLASIA
|
|
|
Which is an example of physiological atrophy?
|
Involuting mammary glands and ducts after lactation
|
|
|
Hemosiderosis is most likely to be seen in all except which of the following?
a. Hemorrhage b. Hemolysis c. Repeated transfusions |
a. HEMORRHAGE
|
|
|
A key difference between necrosis and apoptosis is
|
Necrosis is a normal part of embryogenesis
|
|
|
The best definition of metastatic calcification is
|
Calcification due to excessive calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia)
|
|
|
An example of change in blood vessels which leads to hyaline degeneration is...
|
FIBRINOID
|
|
|
A non-pathological calcification of the aorta is called
|
Monkeberg's medial (or calcific) sclerosis
|
|
|
Contrary to what he reported, Gregory Mendel did - in fact - breed white and red blossomed pea plants and the results were:
|
100% of the offspring were pink
|
|
|
When autosomal recessive traits are transmitted what percentage of offspring exhibit the trait (if both parents are carriers)?
|
25%
|
|
|
Hypertension and diabetes type 2 are diseases with what mode of inheritance?
|
MULTIFACTIONAL
|
|
|
This genetic material is found only in gametes.
|
HAPLOID
|
|
|
A vertical pattern of inheritance is seen in a pedigree chart based on a (dominant/recessive) mode.
|
DOMINANT MODE
|
|
|
Name the tumor suppressor gene mutation present in a large variety of malignant tumors.
|
p53
|
|
|
Name the terminal portion of a chromosome which controls the total number of possible mitotic divisions.
|
TELOMERE
|
|
|
What is the name for a mutated gene which allows the progression of cancer due to dysregulation of the cell cycle.
|
ONCOGENE
|
|
|
When an affected person marries an unaffected one, what percentage of offspring exhibit an autosomal dominant trait?
|
50%
|
|
|
What is the best definition of a gene?
|
Nucleotide sequence that codes for one protein.
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable?
a. Mustard b. Cabbage c. Chard d. Kohlrabi |
c. Chard
|
|
|
The mechanism for the cancer preventative effects of DIM may include:
a. Stimulating carcinogen detoxification b. Reducing inflammation c. Increasing apoptosis d. all the above |
d. all the above
|
|
|
What is a case control study?
|
Retrospective non-randomized study that compares people who have a disease to people who do not have have the disease.
|
|
|
What is a cohort study?
|
Prospective non-randomized study that compares people who have a certain practice or exposure to people who do not have this practice or exposure.
|
|
|
What is a relative risk?
|
The ratio of the probability of an event occuring in an exposed group versus a non-exposed group.
|
|
|
A primary deficiency of saliva and tear production is called...
|
SICCA SYNDROME
|
|
|
The term that referes to a disease which may manifest in many ways clinically is...
|
PROTEAN
|
|
|
An autoimmune disease which may be associated with visceral cancers (not lymphoma) is..
|
POLYMYOSITIS
|
|
|
A milder form of scleroderma is described as...
|
CREST syndrome
|
|
|
A form of SLE which involves the skin and may not be systemic is..
|
DISCOID LUPUS
|
|
|
Elevation of CK (creatine kinase) is a common finding in
|
DERMATOMYOSITIS
|
|
|
This type of neoplasm which tends to be encapsulated.
|
BENIGN
|
|
|
Cauliflower-like morphology is likely to be which type of neoplasm?
|
MALIGNANT
|
|
|
Although benign neoplasms do not locally invade they may cause symptoms and signs due to....
a. hormone production b. compression of local structures c. both a and b d. neither a nor b |
c. both a and b
|
|
|
Hemorrage or necrosis are more likely in which type of neoplasm?
|
MALIGNANT
|
|
|
The process of cell death always brought on by pathology is...
|
NECROSIS
|
|
|
When cells differentiate from one cell type to another as a method for adaptation it is called:
|
METAPLASIA
|
|
|
Naturopathic physicians excel at training _______. About 40% of a gastroenterologists's patients present with such cases.
|
ETIOLOGY
|
|
|
Secondary gain could be expressed as:
a. an infection that causes a fever, but returns back to normal b. abnormal accumulation of triglycerides due to metabolic damage in the mesentary tissue c. the public attention a patient has grown emotionally attached to for chronic digestive problems |
c.
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT considered a free radical scavenger?
a. superoxide dismutase b. vitamin E c. neutrophils d. catalase |
c.neutrophils
|
|
|
Both SOD and GSH will convert a radical precursor to this molecule.
|
H2O2
|
|
|
Double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are attacked by OH in the presence of
|
LIPID PEROXIDATION
|
|
|
You suspect your patient has experienced a heart attach, so you order blood tests to look for...
|
CK-MB and lactate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Foam cells seen in the arterial intima of atherosclerotic patients are a form of degeneration termed:
|
Fatty degeneration
|
|
|
A microbe with a very high etiological relationship to cervical cancer is _____.
|
HPV
|
|
|
What is the correct name for a malignant neoplasm of blood vessels?
|
HEMOSARCOMA
|
|
|
The grade of neoplasm is decided by a _____ based on the _____.
|
The grade of neoplasm is decided by a PATHOLOGIST based on the DIFFERENTIATION.
|
|
|
The cancer with the third highest incidence in US women is _____.
|
COLON CANCER
|
|
|
The cancer responsible for the greatest number of cancer deaths in the US (male and female) is _________.
|
LUNG CANCER
|
|
|
Paget's disease of the breast is an example of _________.
|
INTRAEPITHELIAL/SINGLE CELL SPREAD
|
|
|
In order to pass through the basement membrane, cancer cells produce _______
|
COLLAGENASES
|
|
|
A breast cancer that is in situ with no nodal spread and no further workup for metastasis would be described by the TNM system as _____.
|
T0N0MX
|
|
|
Describe the cell of origin and whether benign or malignant for the following:
CYSTADENOMA |
Benign cystic neoplasm of glandular origin
|
|
|
A tissue that commonly receives metastasis is _____.
|
LIVER
|
|
|
Define atypia
|
Atypia is a clinical term for abnormality in a cell.
|
|
|
The root "sarc" refers to malignant mesenchymal neoplams. Which tissues are derived from mesenchyme?
|
Connective tissue
Bone Cartilage Lymphatic system Circulatory system |
|
|
What are the steps in metastasis of a cell?
|
1. Loosening of intercellular junctions (cadherins)
2. Attachment by collagen adhesion molecules 3. Degradation: cleavage of type IV collagen 4. Migration: autocrine motility factor pulls cell forward through basement membrane into submucosa. |
|
|
The most common casue of death from cancer in children under the age of 15 is...
|
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
|
|
|
A likely etiology of small for gestational age is
|
Maternal smoking
|
|
|
The greatest risk of Rh incompatibility is in when of the following scenarios?
a. Rh- mom/Rh+ child/2nd pregnancy b. Rh+ mom/Rh- child/1st pregnancy c. Rh- mom/Rh+ child/1st pregnancy |
a. Rh- mom/Rh+ child/2nd pregnancy
|
|
|
What is the most dangerous birth injury?
|
Intracerebral hemorrhage
|
|
|
Brain damage from excessive neonatal jaundice is called...
|
Kernicterus
|
|
|
Meconium ileus is most likely to occur in which disease?
|
Cystic fibrosis
|
|
|
The purpose of rhogam injections for pregnant women is...
|
To prevent Rh incompatibility in future pregnancy
|
|
|
In cystic fibrosis the underlying FUNDAMENTAL defect is...
|
Abnormal cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
|
|
|
Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients is associated with Staphylococcus or ______.
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
The most common cause of death in US teens is....
|
Accidents
|
|
|
What are the two endothelial cell products which inhibit platelet aggregation and have potent vasodilatory effects?
|
PGI2 and nitric oxide
|
|
|
What is the first response in the vessel when endothelial damage occurs?
|
Reflex vasoconstriction
|
|
|
What is the most common etiology (or material) which forms an embolus?
|
A detached thrombus
|
|
|
List the three factors that compose Virchow triad.
|
Hypercoagulability
Abnormal blood flow Endothelial injury |
|
|
Lines of Zahn are visible striations in a thrombus. The value of checking for these is that when present, they show that the thrombus formed when?
|
Pre-mortem (blood still flowing)
|
|
|
What is a thrombus called if it is detected on a patient's endocardial surface?
|
Mural thrombus
|
|
|
A major difference between venous and arterial thrombi is that arterial thrombi form _____.
|
At areas of vessel bifurcation or turbulence
|
|
|
Cyanosis is most likely associated with _____.
|
Congestion
|
|
|
A transudate is most likely related to which type of edema?
|
Non-inflammatory
|
|
|
Be sure you can draw a granuloma and label the cells/structures which form it.
|
- giant cell
- epithelioid cell - fibroblast - lymphocyte - macrophage - monocytes |
|
|
What is the definition of chronic inflammation?
|
The simultaneous presence of:
- Active inflammation - Tissue destruction - Attempts at repair |
|
|
What is the name for an exudate which may contain neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema fluid?
|
Purulent "pus"
|
|
|
In the language of pathology, healing refers to:
|
Scar formation
|
|
|
A fracture caused by osteoporosis in a bone is called
|
Pathological
|
|
|
Other than the form of collagen, the difference between granulation tissue and scar tissue is:
|
Vasculature
|
|
|
The most diagnostic type of ANA in systemic lupus erythematosis is _____.
|
Anti-Smith antibody
|
|
|
Activation induced cell death is an example of _____.
|
Peripheral tolerance
|
|
|
A possible etiology of SLE or SLE-like illness is:
a. exogenous steriods b. silicone implants c. alfalfa d. all the above |
d. all the above
|
|
|
In the US, which group has the highest risk of SLE?
|
African American women
|
|
|
The fibinoid necrosis found in vasculitis lesions of Systemic Lupus contains which morphology?
|
Onion-skin lesions
|
