Pathology I

Front 1

Define Pathology

Back 1

The study of derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occuring in living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations

Front 2

Define Disease

Back 2

An abnormal body process with a characterists set of signs/symptoms that may affect the whole body, or just its parts.

Front 3

Define Etiology

Back 3

The study of causes of disease.

Front 4

Define Pathogenesis

Back 4

The mechanism of a disease (step by step development). How a disease occured

Front 5

Define Signs/symptoms

Back 5

We only use signs in veterinary medicine. It is an abnormality indicative of a disease.

Front 6

Define Lesion

Back 6

An abnormality or "hurting" It can be a morphological or functional change (or both)

Front 7

Define Differential Diagnosis

Back 7

Two or more diseases with similar signs

Front 8

Define Diagnosis

Back 8

Identification of disease

Front 9

Define Prognosis

Back 9

Prediction of outcome of disease

Front 10

Define Pathognomonic

Back 10

A characteristic that is indicative of a specific disease.

Front 11

Define Pathogenicity

Back 11

The ability to cause disease

Front 12

Define Biposy

Back 12

Removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic histopathological examination.

Front 13

Define Zoonosis

Back 13

Disease transmissble from animal to man

Front 14

Define Injury

Back 14

This refers to the damage or pathological alterations in molecules and structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components or tissue

Front 15

An example of adaptation in response to physiologic stress

Back 15

Hypertrophy

Front 16

An example of reversable injury in response to physiologic stress

Back 16

Ischemia

Front 17

An example of irreverible injury in response to physiologic stress

Back 17

Cell death, ischemic coagulative necrosis

Front 18

T or F removal of stress/injury from an adaptivly hypertrophic cell will result in normal cell functions

Back 18

True. Adaptive hypertrophy is reversible

Front 19

Define apoptosis

Back 19

programmed cell death

Front 20

Name 3 examples of cell injury

Back 20

Hypoxia/hypoxemia, trauma, thermal induced skin necrosis, drug toxicity, infectious agents, immunilogic response, genetic defect, nutritional imbalance

Front 21

T or F - hydropic degeneration is reversable

Back 21

True. (hydropic degeneration is cell swelling)

Front 22

What causes hydropic degeneration?

Back 22

Loss of ATP (can be due to hypoxia

Front 23

How does chromatin clumping occur?

Back 23

Increased anerobic glycolysis leads to increased lactic acid accumulation, and decreased cellular pH. Reduced pH cauases chromatin to clump

Front 24

T or F Lipidosis is a reversible change?

Back 24

True

Front 25

What is accumulation of lipid, in lipidosis, due to?

Back 25

Lipid accumulation is due to decreased synthesis of carrier apoprotein

Front 26

In dealing with necrosis, if you have sound architecture with loss of function, how is it classified?

Back 26

Coagulative (aka coagulation)necrosis

Front 27

What is a common cause of coagulative necrosis

Back 27

Ischemia is a common cause

Front 28

When there is an abcess present on/in a patient, what type of WBC's are involved?

Back 28

Neutrophils

Front 29

With purulent inflammation, what type of necrosis do you observe?

Back 29

Liquefactive necrosis

Front 30

What does superoxide dismutase do?

Back 30

It will catalyze the breakdown of superoxide into H2O2 & O2

Front 31

What is the purpose of glutathione peroxidase?

Back 31

It aides in the conversion of hydroxyl free radicals to H2O

Front 32

Catalase works in the conversion of what?

Back 32

It catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 into H2O and O2.

Front 33

Pathologic induction of apoptosis consists of what 4 examples in our notes?

Back 33

Can be endotoxin, corticosteriod, lentiviral, or tumor necrosis factor induced

Front 34

What signals/factors promote apoptosis?

Back 34

Oncogene and tumor suppresing gene products (such as bax/bad)

Front 35

Factors that inhibit apoptosis

Back 35

Bcl-2, Bcl-xL

Front 36

name 2 anti cancer drugs that will up-regulate the secondary cell signals to induce apoptosis?

Back 36

Cyclophophamide and Doxorubicin

Front 37

how long does rigor mortis generally last?

Back 37

72 hours

Front 38

Hypoxia will always cause what type of necrosis?

Back 38

Coagulative

Front 39

Abiotrophy

Back 39

Progressive loss of tissue vitality -> loss of function; applied to degenerative hereditary diseases of late onset. Seen in CALVES

Front 40

Hypertrophy

Back 40

Increase in cell size

Front 41

Hyperplasia

Back 41

Increase in cell number

Front 42

Dystrophic calcification

Back 42

Normal serum calcium levels, with calcium salt deposits in dying/diseased tissue

Front 43

Metastatic calcification

Back 43

Abnormal serum calcium levels and deposition in "normal" tissue

Front 44

Primary amyloidosis is composed of what type of immunoglobulin light chains?

Back 44

Amyloid AL

Front 45

Secondary amyloidosis is also known as what?

Back 45

Reactive systemic amyloidisis

Front 46

Secondary amyloidosis uses what kind of protein?

Back 46

SAA - serum amyloid associated.

Front 47

Sago spleen

Back 47

Amyloid accumulation in the splenic follicles

Front 48

Lardaceous Spleen

Back 48

Amyloid accumulation in the splenic sinuses

Front 49

Where does amyloid accumulate in the liver

Back 49

Space of Disse

Front 50

In the pancreas, where does amyloid accumulate?

Back 50

Islets and can cause diabetes in cats

Front 51

Where does amyloid accumulate in the heart?

Back 51

Coronary arteries

Front 52

Anasarca

Back 52

Generalized edema of the subcutis

Front 53

Congestion

Back 53

Refers to the passive process of a decrease venous outflow of blood

Front 54

Hyperemia

Back 54

Can refer to the passive process of decreased venous outflow of bloof, OR active arteriolar dilation where there is an increase in blood to an area