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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is hydropic swelling? What are the morphological characteristics?
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An increase in cell volume characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and a normally located nucleus.
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T/F:
Hydropic swelling is completely reversible if the cause is removed. |
True
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Where is the cell does fluid preferntially accumulate in hydropic swelling?
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In the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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What are the 3 levels of intracellular Na+ and volume regulation?
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1. Plasma membrane
2. Membrane sodium pump 3. Supply of ATP |
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What are three ways an agent can interfere with membrane regulation of Na+ concentration?
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1. Increase permeability of membrane to Na+
2. Damage pump directly 3. Interfere with supply of ATP |
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Does an increase or decrease in intracellular [Na+] cause the cell to swell?
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An increase.
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What are two ultrastructural changes that can occur to the ER in reversible cell damage?
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1. Distension by fluid accumulation
2. Disaggregation of membrane-bound ribosomes |
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What is the typical effect of ischemia on mitochondria?
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Swelling.
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T/F:
Detachment of blebs from the plsma membrane causes a loss of cell viability. |
False: This usually does not involve loss of cell viability.
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Name the 6 major adaptive response a cell may have to persistent stress.
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1. Atrophy
2. hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Metaplasia 5. Dysplasia 6. Intracelllular storage |
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What is the basic definition of atrophy?
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A decrease in the size and function of a cell.
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Name 6 common causes of atrophy in cells.
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1. Reduced functional demand
2. Inadequate supply of O2 3. Insufficient nutrients 4. Interruption of trophic signals 5. Persistent cell injury 6. Aging |
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What is the most common cause of persistent cell injury?
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Chronic inflammation associated with prolonged viral or bacterial infection.
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What is the basic definition for hypertrophy?
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An increase in the size of a cell accompanied by an augmentes functional capacity.
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Name two causes of hypertrophy.
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1. In response to hormones
2. Due to increased functional demand |
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What is the basic definition of hyperplasia?
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An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
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What are three causes of hyperplasia?
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1. hormonal stimulation
2. increased functional demand 3. persistent cell injury |
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What is the basic definition of metaplasia? What is the most common sequence of metaplasia?
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*The conversion of one differentiated cell type to another
*replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous |
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What is the basic definion of dysplasia?
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An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue.
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What makes dysplasia particularly ominous?
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It typically represents a preneoplastic lesion.
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What is anthracosis?
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The storage of carbon particles in the lung and regional lymph nodes.
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List the five main types of necrosis.
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1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive 3. Fat 4. Caseous 5. Fibrinoid |
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Describe three morphological changes seen in the nucleus during coagulative necrosis.
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1. Pyknosis - nucleus shrinks and becomes basophilic
2. Karyorrhexis - nucleus fragments and scatters 3. Karyolysis - nucleus is extruded |
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What occurs in liuefactive necrosis?
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Necrotic cells are digested into a liguid viscous mass.
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In what organ does fat necrosis often occur?
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Pancreas.
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Describe the gross appearance of fat necrosis.
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An irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue.
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With what disease is caseous necrosis typically associated?
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TB
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T/F:
Cells that are killed by coagulative necrosis retain their cellular outlines. |
True.
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