Pathology From Quiz 1 For Final

Front 1

steatosis

Back 1

accumulation of fat in hepatocytes
reversible

Front 2

mallory's hyaline

Back 2

permanent aggregation of cytokeratin--dense pink rope-like body in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

Front 3

hemochromatosis

Back 3

rusty brown color in hepatocytes from iron accumulation

Front 4

hemosiderosis

Back 4

abnormal accumulation of iron in tissues due to any cause--can avoid damage with early routine phlebotomy.
Untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 5

coagulative necrosis

Back 5

denaturation of protein dominates picutre

Front 6

liquefactive necrosis

Back 6

extensive acute inflammation resulting in failry complete digestion of tissue

Front 7

gangrenous necrosis

Back 7

coagulative necrosis and superimposed bacterial infection of necrotic tissue

Front 8

enzymatic fat necrosis

Back 8

necrosis of fat by pancreatic lipases
fatty acids released from fat cells combine with calcium resulting in saponification--chalky yellow deposits

Front 9

caseous necrosis

Back 9

combo of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis imparting a "cheese-like" appearance

Front 10

xenobiotic

Back 10

biologically active chemical that is not "us"

Front 11

atrophy

Back 11

decrease in size and/or volume of cells and tissue in an organ

Front 12

hypertrophy

Back 12

increase in cell size resulting in increase in volume of an organ

Front 13

hyperplasia

Back 13

increase in normal cell numbers resulting in an increase in the volume of an organ

Front 14

metaplasia

Back 14

replacement of one adult cell type by another adult cell type

Front 15

dysplasia

Back 15

tissue alterations characterized by architectural and cytologic disoreder--failure of normal differentiation

Front 16

edema

Back 16

presence of excessive fluid in a tissue or body cavity

Front 17

transudate

Back 17

low specific gravity

Front 18

exudate

Back 18

leaking pus with high specific gravity

Front 19

ascites

Back 19

fluid in peritoneal cavity below diaphragm

Front 20

anasarca

Back 20

diffuse, whole-body edema

Front 21

hyperemia

Back 21

increased volume of blood within a specific vascular bed

Front 22

anemia

Back 22

reduction in # and/or volume of erythrocytes in a unit volume of blood

Front 23

backward heart failure

Back 23

failure to pump blood out of veins--> "congestive"

Front 24

forward heart failure

Back 24

failure to pump blood into arteries with sufficient pressure to perfuse the organs

Front 25

global heart failure

Back 25

forward and backward failure

Front 26

right sided congestive heart failure

Back 26

right ventricle fails to empty systemic veins
dilated right ventricle, systemic edema, effusions

Front 27

left sided CHF

Back 27

left ventricle fails to empty pulmonic veins
dilated left ventricle, pulmonary edema

Front 28

Virchow's triad

Back 28

Vessel wall injury
Increased blood coagulability
Decreased blood flow

Front 29

Phlebothrombosis

Back 29

stasis of blood in uninflamed veins

Front 30

thrombophlebitis

Back 30

venous thrombois in which inflammation of vein wall plays primary role

Front 31

shock

Back 31

inadequate perfusion of cells and tissues

Front 32

Septic shock

Back 32

hyperdynamic: increased pusle, cardiac output, ventilation, CVP
Hypotension, warm, dry extremities and peripheral vasodilation

Front 33

procoagulant mechanisms

Back 33

reflex vasoconstriction
platelets
plasma proteins

Front 34

what does vWF bind to for platelet adhesion to subendothelium?

Back 34

platelet GPIb receptor complex

Front 35

anticoagulant mechanisms (3)

Back 35

antithrombin-heparin system
Protein C pathway
fibrinolytic system

Front 36

What does vWF do in terms of FVIII?

Back 36

protects it from proteolytic cleavage and brings it to site of hemorrhage

Front 37

what happens for aggregation?

Back 37

fibrinogen crosslinks platelets via GPIIb-IIIa receptors

Front 38

describe protein C pathway

Back 38

thrombin + thrombomodulin activates protein C and interacts with protein S to inactivate FVa and FVIIIa to shut down coag cascade

Front 39

what will prolong a PT?

Back 39

deficiency of FVII, X, V, II, fibrinogen

Front 40

what will prolong at PTT?

Back 40

def. of FVIII, IX, XI, XII

Front 41

what do dendritic cells do during maturation?

Back 41

upregulate CD80 and CD86--use to interact with CD28 on T cells

Front 42

what are selectins used in?

Back 42

rolling

Front 43

what are integrins used in?

Back 43

adhesion, diapedesis

Front 44

what induces how you feel when you're sick?

Back 44

IL-1
TNFalpha

Front 45

what do glucocorticoids do?

Back 45

induce synthesis of I-kappaB
bind directly to p50 and p65

Front 46

what does aspirin do?

Back 46

retards degradation of I-kappaB

Front 47

what do selectins bind?

Back 47

glycoproteins

Front 48

what do integrins bind?

Back 48

immunoglobulin superfamily

Front 49

what cells are found in granulomas?

Back 49

T cells, plasma cells, histiocytes, giant cells

Front 50

what is a "left shift" and what does it indicate?

Back 50

increase in the number of immature WBCs in circulation
indicates infection

Front 51

how does NAC work?

Back 51

augments glutathione and binds directly to toxic metabolites
protects hepatocytes from NAPQ1 toxicity

Front 52

Mechanisms of edema

Back 52

increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
decreased serum oncotic pressure
increased permeability of vessel walls
increased sodium
lymphatic obstruction or destruction