Pathology Flashcards

Front 1

Most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Back 1

Atherosclerosis (Often associated with mutation in LDL receptor in familial hypercholesterolemia)

Front 2

Sudden onset of excruciating substernal pain, often confused with myocardial infarction

Back 2

Dissecting aortic aneurysm (Caused by cystic medial necrosis, more common in Marfan syndrome)

Front 3

Vasculitis of the elderly, presenting as headache, facial pain, and/or impaired vision

Back 3

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis (Most common vasculitis, affecting branches of the carotid artery)

Front 4

Vast majority of cases are idiopathic, although they may also be secondary to renal disease

Back 4

Hypertension (Other secondary causes include primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, and pheochromocytoma)

Front 5

Rapidly precipitating hypertension in an African American male with papilledema and retinal hemorrhages

Back 5

Malignant hypertension (Histologically characterized by hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis or "onion-skin" thickening of arterial walls)

Front 6

Pallor or cyanosis of fingers and toes caused by recurrent vasospasm of arterioles, often in young, healthy women

Back 6

Raynaud disease (Reaction to cold or emotion)

Front 7

Vasculitis primarily affecting the tibial and radial arteries

Back 7

Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans - Associated with cigarette smoking)

Front 8

Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle

Back 8

Aortic stenosis or Hypertensive heart disease (Occurs in response to left ventricular pressure overload)

Front 9

Congenital abnormality predisposing to calcific aortic stenosis

Back 9

Bicuspid aortic valve

Front 10

Right heart failure due to intrinsic lung disease or primary disease of pulmonary vasculature

Back 10

Chronic cor pulmonale

Front 11

Upper extremity hypertension with lower extremity hypotension

Back 11

Coarctation of the aorta (postductal - Can radiologically detect notching of the ribs caused by enlargement of intercostal and internal mammary arteries

Front 12

Associated with cocaine abuse, alcohol abuse, and pregnancy; can also be idiopathic

Back 12

Dilated cardiomyopathy (Heart may be 3 times heavier than normal with dilation of all four chambers

Front 13

Haphazard disarray of cardiac myofibrils

Back 13

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Autosomal dominant mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene)

Front 14

Bulky, friable, nonsterile vegetations with the potential to embolize

Back 14

Infective (bacterial) endocarditis (Often caused by Streptococcus viridans infection of mitral valve, or Staphylococcus aureus infection of tricuspid valve in IV drug abusers

Front 15

Dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea caused by congestion of the lungs

Back 15

Left heart failure

Front 16

Midsystolic click followed by a late systolic murmur

Back 16

Mitral Valve prolapse (Most common valvular heart disease in the US, especially in young women; also associated with Marfan syndrome)

Front 17

Crushing or squeezing, substernal pain radiating down the left arm

Back 17

Myocardial infarction (Serum findings include eleveated cardiac Troponins, CK-MB, and LDH

Front 18

Causes include Coxsackie virusess A and B and Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 18

Myocarditis

Front 19

Ball valve obstruction by left atrial mass

Back 19

Myxoma (Most common primary tumor of the heart in adults)

Front 20

Friable, sterile emboli caused by hypercoagulable states

Back 20

Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis (Associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas)

Front 21

Harsh waxing and waning murmur (machinery murmur)

Back 21

Patent ductus arterious (Closed with indomethacin administration, which decreases prostaglandin E levels)

Front 22

Friction rub

Back 22

Pericarditis (Causes include infections, rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, uremia, and recent surgery)

Front 23

Associated with cardiac amyloidosis, radiation injury, and sarcoidosis

Back 23

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (Manifests as decreased ventricular filling owing to reduced ventricular compliance)

Front 24

Migratory polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules, Sydenham chorea, and pancarditis

Back 24

Rheumatic fever (Aschoff bodies in the myocardium are pathognomonic)

Front 25

Sequela of acute rheumatic fever

Back 25

Rheumatic heart disease ("Fish mouth" deformity from fusion of commissures; most common in mitral stenosis, next most common is mitral and aortic stenosis)

Front 26

Peripheral edema, splenomegaly, and nutmeg liver

Back 26

Right heart failure

Front 27

Precordial pain on extertion or increased cardiac workload, but relieved by rest

Back 27

Stable angina (Caused by decreased coronary artery flow from atherosclerotic narrowing)

Front 28

Right to left shunts

Back 28

Tetralogy of Fallot (most common), transposition of the great vessels, and persistent truncus arteriosus (Eary cyanosis)

Front 29

Prolonged or recurrent chest pain with increasing frequency, often at rest

Back 29

Unstable (Crescendo, Preinfarction) angina (Harbinger of myocardial infarction)

Front 30

Most common congenital heart defect

Back 30

Ventricular septal defect (May require surgical correction at birth or, if small, may close spontaneously)