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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is involved in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
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FasL (CD95), Tc cells releasing granzyme B and perforin
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What patterns of cell injury are reversible with O2?
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1. Cellular swelling (due to decreased ATP synthesis and impaired Na/K pump).
2. Nuclear chromatin clumping (due to decreased glycogen) 3. Fatty change 4. Ribosomal detachment (due to decreased protein synthesis) |
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What patterns of cell injury are irreversible?
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1. Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis
2. Ca influx and caspase activation 3. Lysosomal rupture 4. Mitochondrial permeability |
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What is involved in rolling (1st step of leukocyte extravasation)
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E-selectin (endothelial) and P-selectin (platelets) attach to sialyl Lewis or L-selectin on the leukocyte
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What is involved in tight binding? (2nd step of leukocyte extravasation)
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ICAM-1 on the vascular cells, LFA-1 (integrin) on the leukocyte
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What is involved in diapedesis (traveling between endothelial cells to exit the blood vessel)?
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PECAM-1 on the vasculature, PECAM-1 on the leukocyte
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What pathologies are associated with free radical injury?
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1. Retinopathy of prematurity (from giving O2 for RDS)
2. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (from giving O2 for RDS) 3. CCl4 leading to liver necrosis 4. Acetaminophen 5. Iron overload 6. Reperfusion after anoxia, especially after thrombolytic therapy |
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What is associated with decreased ESR?
-means not aggregating |
Polycythemia (too many), Sickle cell (altered shape), CHF
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What is associated with increased ESR?
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Infections (osteomyelitis), inflammation (temporal arteritis), cancer, pregnancy, SLE
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What does iron poisoning do?
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Cause cell death because of peroxidation of membrane lipids (free radical damage), leading to acute GI bleeding or chronic metabolic acidosis and scarring
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What diseases are associated with amyloid?
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1. Multiple myeloma- primary amyloidosis with AL protein (Ig light chains)
2. Chronic inflammatory diseases- secondary amyloidosis with AA protein (acute phase reactant SAA) 3. Senile cardiac with transthyretin (AF) 4. DM type 2- Amylin protein derived from AE 5. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with A-CAL protein derived from calcitonin 6. Alzheimers with B-amyloid protein derived from APP 7. Dialysis associated with b2-microglobulin derived from MHC class 1 |
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How do neoplastic cells invade the BM?
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Using collagenases and hydrolases
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How do neoplastic cells metastasize?
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Decreased cadherins, increased laminin receptors, increased integrin receptors
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How is tumor grade determined?
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Degree of differentiation of the cells and number of mitoses/hpf
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