Pathology Final

Front 1

trade names

Back 1

patented names under which a product sold

-same active ingredient can be sold under many different trade names

-just change some of inerts usually

Front 2

chemical group or class

Back 2

name given to a group of chemicals share common bio mode of action and have similar structure

-biologically do similar things

Front 3

fungicides applied to

Back 3

Propagative organs, soil, harvestable products

Front 4

fungicides are

Back 4

preventive (most)

-before disease occurs or first appearance symptoms

curative (few)

-active vs. pathogens already in plant

Front 5

contact fungicides

Back 5

remain on surface, absorbed

-effective vs. broad range

-kill fungus readily

-reapplied often during rain or new growth

Front 6

translaminar fungicides

Back 6

-protectants

-can be applied to top and redistributes itself to lower leaf surface

Front 7

systemic

Back 7

get into the vessels to move up/b=down

-penetrants

-mode of action specific often 1 metabolic site

-don't wash off

Front 8

-types of systemic

Back 8

-Xylem-mobile: moves upward in the xylem and can enter new tissues as the plant grows

-Amphimobile (xylem and phloem-mobile): moves both up and down in the plant

Front 9

Fungicide modes of action

Back 9

-interfere w/ cell division

-inhibit activity of certain enzymes

-alter function of cell membranes

Front 10

Fungicides specific modes of application/action

Back 10

single site (specific site)= only one metabolic process in fungus (more likely to generate resistance)
-most products

multiple site= affects more than one

Front 11

qualitative resistance

Back 11

fungicide resistance from modification of 1 major gene

-

Front 12

qualitative

Back 12

fungicide resistance occurs when several interacting genes mutate

-range of sensitivity

-erosion of control, grows more resistant

eventually cannot be controlled with chemical

Front 13

How resistance develops

Front 14

Specific vs. multi-site modes of action

Back 14

specific only affects one metabolic site, other affects multiple

Front 15

Monogenic resistance:

Back 15

factors for resistance controlled by only 1 pathogen gene

Front 16

Polygenic resistance

Back 16

factors for resistance controlled by 1+ pathogen gene

Front 17

Resistance mechanisms within the fungal cell

Back 17

reduced uptake, detox, producing enzymes, alt metabolic path, no active compound

Front 18

Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC groups)

Back 18

provide fungicide management guidelines to prolong effectiveness of fungicides

Front 19

Cross resistance

Back 19

resistant to closely related fungicides

Front 20

purpose of fungicides

Back 20

reduce existing inoculum
protect high value crops from polycyclic and monocyclic (when cultural fails and inoculum long term)

Front 21

traditional fungicides

Back 21

first was Bordeaux (copper sulfate + lime)
based on inorganic elements

Front 22

biocontrol

Back 22

deliberate exploitation of microorganisms by ppl to reduce inculum/protect plants

Front 23

Abiotic factors

Back 23

not living, not transmissible

progressive harm to plant

cause injury

may affect plant's susceptibility to biotic pathogens

Front 24

Noninfectious

Back 24

no new inoculum produced

Front 25

short term impact of drought

Back 25

-Stomates close, photosynthesis and growth may slow/cease

-green parts, needles, and leaves shrink and turn colors and wilt

-Stress in groups b/c common conditions

Front 26

long term drought stress

Back 26

reduced root/shoot growth

death of tissues (cambium, canopy)

radial cracks

decline in vigor

compacted soil

Front 27

macronutrients

Back 27

required in large quantities:

N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

Front 28

micronutrients

Back 28

needed in small amounts:

B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn

Front 29

Monocyclic disease management strategy

Back 29

reducing the amount or efficacy of primary (or initial) inoculum

Front 30

Monocyclic diseases

Back 30

post harvest and many root diseases
-rusts w/out uredineospore stage, cedar apple rust, corn smut

Front 31

Polycyclic disease management strategy

Back 31

reducing primary inoculum as well as the rate of infection

ex. apple scab, downy mildew, late blight of potato and tomato

Front 32

epiphytotic

Back 32

plant epidemic: disease change over period of time

Front 33

weber fechner law of visual discrimination

Back 33

man's ability to see differences decreases by logarithm of intensity of stimulus

Front 34

disease gradient

Back 34

severity on single plants should decrese as diisease approaches 0 or 100%

-foliar diseases, air-borne dispersal

Front 35

logistic growth model

Back 35

polycyclic diseases

-phases: exponential, logistic, terminal

Front 36

linear phase

Back 36

proportion of infected leaves at time t = initial amount of disease

-increase is constant

Front 37

exponential phase

Back 37

infection chain

rate of disease directly proportional to amount of disease present

Front 38

logistic phase

Back 38

-logical in a sense

-rate of disease increase is directly proportional to amount of diseased and healthy tissue available

-

Front 39

monomolecular growth model

Back 39

-linear phase as increase in disease is fairly constant

-terminal phase when susceptible tissue decreases with the rate of disease

Front 40

(AUDPC) Calculation

Back 40

trapezoidal method
-measuring area under the curve to calc avg disease intensity btw periods of time

Front 41

Foliar diseases

Back 41

nematodes