Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
426 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Is female differentiation passive or active?
|
passive
|
|
|
What is another name for segmental aplasia of mullerian duct system?
|
White Heifer Disease
|
|
|
What species does segmental aplasia of mullerian duct system occur in?
|
bitch, mare, cattle
|
|
|
In white short horn cattle, what is segmental aplasia of the mullerian duct system associated with?
|
recessive gene for white coat color
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis for the simple form of segmental aplasia of teh mullerian duct system?
|
persistant hymen leads to pyometra
|
|
|
What is the pathology of the severe form in segmental aplasia of mullerian duct system?
|
segments of vagina, cervix, uterine body, uterine horns are absent or rudimentary leading to distended horns
|
|
|
How do the ovaries and uterine tubes appear in segmental aplasia of mullerian duct system?
|
normal
|
|
|
What rudimentary or absent tissues lead to distended uterine horns in white heifer disease?
|
vagina, cervix, uterine body, and uterine horns
|
|
|
Portions of what system are present in white heifer disease?
|
paramesonephric duct system
|
|
|
What disorders are associated with white heifer disease? (6)
|
segmental aplasia, mucometra +/- histerolith, persistent hymen, doubling of tract, unilateral development of tract, infertility
|
|
|
What is intersexes?
|
individual has characteristic developments of both sexes at the same time
|
|
|
What is a freemartin?
|
a bovine heifer born twin to a bull calf with placental anastomaosis allowing for mixing of cell types
|
|
|
What percent of female calves born co-twin with male calves are freemartins?
|
90-95%
|
|
|
What species are susceptible to freemartins?
|
bovine, sheep, pig and horse
|
|
|
What species has the highest incident of freemartins?
|
bovine
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of a freemartin?
|
male and female co-twins share a common placental circulation which allows the androgenic hormones produced by the ale fetus to enter and suppress development of the female genitalia
|
|
|
Internally, what occurs to a freemartin?
|
masculinization of internal reproductive system leading to sterility
|
|
|
What do the ovaries look like in a freemartin?
|
More like testes: cord-like thickening of the anterior border of the ovarian ligament
|
|
|
What does the tubular genitalia look like in a freemartin?
|
Well-developed uterine horns but no communication with the vagina
|
|
|
What does the vagina look like in a freemartin?
|
hypoplastic or non-patent with incomplete hymen
|
|
|
What does the external genitalia look like in a freemartin?
|
vulva and vestibule are hypoplastic; clitoris is enlarged
|
|
|
Are the mammary glands effected in a freemartin?
|
yes they are underdeveloped
|
|
|
What genitalia is always present in a freemartin?
|
Seminal vesicles
|
|
|
What is a hermaphrodite?
|
intersex that possesses gonadal tissue of both sexes
|
|
|
What are the three types of hermaphrodite?
|
lateral, unilateral, bilateral
|
|
|
What is a lateral hermaphrodite?
|
one gonad (testes) and one other (ovary)
|
|
|
What is a unilateral hermaphrodite?
|
Ovotestis on one side
|
|
|
What is a bilateral hermaphrodite?
|
ovotestis on both sides
|
|
|
What species has a bursa encasing the ovary?
|
dog and cat
|
|
|
The ovarian function results in the formation of what three things?
|
variable-sized developing follicles, corpora lutea and corpora albicans
|
|
|
Where does the mare ovulate from?
|
ovarian fossa
|
|
|
What should mare follicles not be mistaken for?
|
cysts because the follicles becomes so large
|
|
|
The porcine corpus lutea occasionally is effected by what two things?
|
viruses and zearalenone
|
|
|
What four things is the mammalian ovary vulnerable to?
|
sex chromosomal abnormalities, endocrinopathies, radiation and chemotherapeutic agents
|
|
|
What is another name for ovarian hypoplasia?
|
streak hypogonadism
|
|
|
What species inherits ovarian hypoplasia?
|
swedish highland cattle
|
|
|
What are the results of congenital ovarian hypoplasia?
|
unilateral or bilateral, partial or complete ovarian dysfunction
|
|
|
What are three causes of acquired ovarian hyperplasia?
|
inflammation, chemotherapy w/ cyclophosphamides, radiation
|
|
|
Deficiency of migrations of germ cells from the yolk sac or deficiency of multiplication in the gonad in ovarian hypoplasia leads to what?
|
inhibition of ovarian cortical development
|
|
|
Grossly, how do the ovaries appear in ovarian hypoplasia?
|
atrophic, firm, inactive smooth surface, elongated w/ lateral folds
|
|
|
In ovarian hypoplasia, what three gross lesions result because of a deficiency in a number of germ cells?
|
luteal scars, medullary connective tissue, inhibition of cortical development
|
|
|
In ovarian hypoplasia, what does inhibition of cortical development result in?
|
absence of follicles
|
|
|
What two species commonly have cystic ovarian disease?
|
cows and sows
|
|
|
What are the five types of cystic ovarian disease?
|
follicular cysts, cystic graafian follicles, luteinized cystic follicles, cystic corpus luteum, retained corpus luteum
|
|
|
What are two predispositions to follicular cysts?
|
postpartum uterine infection and use of melengesterol acetate to inhibit estrus
|
|
|
What causes follicular cysts?
|
hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What are two reasons why cows with follicular cysts do not ovulate?
|
lack of LH to induce ovulation and probelm with hormone production
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of follicular cysts in cows due to lack of LH?
|
failure of the hypothalamus to release GnRH in response to estrogen lead to a lack of LH release. This results in no ovulation and a persistent follicle.
|
|
|
What are two clinical signs of follicular cysts in cows?
|
anestrus and nymphomania
|
|
|
How do follicular cysts in cows appear grossly?
|
fluid-filled, thin-walled, >2.5cm in diameter
|
|
|
How long do follicular cysts in cows remain in the ovary?
|
>10 days
|
|
|
What are seven extraovarian lesions of a functionally active follicular cysts in cows that is associated with hyperestrogenism?
|
1. endometrial hyperplasia
2. cystic mammary hyperplasia 3. uterine fibroids 4. cystic Gartner's ducts 5. vulvar/vaginal edema 6. prominent clitoris and uterine hydrometra or mucometra |
|
|
What are three possible sequelae of follicular cysts in cows?
|
prolonged postpartum interval to first estrus, ovulation does not occur leading to anestrus or irregular estrus, and nymphomania
|
|
|
What is an important result of follicular cysts in sows?
|
Infertility
|
|
|
What three types of follicular cysts appear in sows?
|
single large cysts (2-3cm), multiple large cysts (2-3cm), and multiple small cysts (1cm)
|
|
|
What causes single large follicular cysts in sows?
|
mature follicles that did not ovulate
|
|
|
What are the consequences of single large follicular cysts in sows?
|
Nothing
|
|
|
What do multiple large follicular cysts of sows usually persist as and what do they produce?
|
persist and luteinized follicular cysts which produce progesterone
|
|
|
What happens to the estrus cycle of a sow with multiple large follicular cysts?
|
irregular estrus cycles
|
|
|
What is a distinctive feature of cystic ovarian disease in sows?
|
multiple large cysts
|
|
|
How do multiple small follicular cysts in sows grossly appear?
|
cluster of grapes
|
|
|
What causes multiple small follicular cysts in sows?
|
cystic graafian follicles
|
|
|
What do small multiple follicular cysts produce in sows and what does this cause?
|
produce excesss estrogen causing irregular estrus cystles
|
|
|
What are follicular cysts in bitch and queens?
|
graafian follicular cysts
|
|
|
What are five results of graafian follicular cysts in bitch/queen?
|
1. nymphomania
2. tumefaction of vulva 3. cystic endometrial hyperplasia due to exaggerated progestational proliferation 4. genital fibroleiomyomas 5. pyometra |
|
|
What does a cystic corpus luteum in cystic ovarian disease (graafian follicular cysts) of bitches and queens produce and what does this cause?
|
produce excess progestational activity causing myometra
|
|
|
In Graafian follicular cysts in bitch/queen, what causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
exaggerated progestational proliferation
|
|
|
How common is cystic ovarian disease in mares?
|
RARE
|
|
|
What are three differentials for follicular cysts in mares?
|
graaffian follicle (normally very large), cystic granulosa cell tumor, and germinal inclusion cyst
|
|
|
What is another term for luteinized cystic follicles?
|
anovulatory luteinized cysts
|
|
|
What is luteinized cystic follicles?
|
follicles that fail to ovulate and undergo luteinization
|
|
|
What causes luteinized cystic follicles?
|
insufficient LH to cause ovulation
|
|
|
How do luteinized cystic follicles appear grossly?
|
cystic cavity lined by fibrous tissue surrounded by an adjacent zone of luteinized theca cells
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of luteinized cystic follicles?
|
ovulation does not occur
|
|
|
How common are cystic corpus luteums?
|
very common
|
|
|
What is the cause of cystic corpus luteums?
|
idiopathic
|
|
|
When do cystic corpus luteums form?
|
post-ovulation
|
|
|
What is the clinical significance of cystic corpus luteums?
|
no clinical significance as they function like a normal CL
|
|
|
How do cystic corpus luteums appear grossly?
|
large irregular cyst in the center of the corpus luteum, ovary has ovulation papilla and a distorted outline
|
|
|
How does the ovary appear grossly with a cystic corpus luteum?
|
ovary has ovulation papilla and a distorted outline
|
|
|
What are two differentials for cystic corpus luteums?
|
anovulatory luteinized cyst and small central cyst that occurs normally in a corpus luteum
|
|
|
When do you see a pathogenic retained corpora lutea in dogs?
|
pseudopregnancy
|
|
|
What is another name for pseudopregnancy in dogs?
|
pseudocyesis
|
|
|
What is the cause of a retained corpora lutea?
|
failure of the corpus luteum to regress normally following ovulation
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of a retained corpus luteum in dogs?
|
spontaneous regression
|
|
|
What changes occur with a retained corpus luteum in dogs?
|
uterine and mammary development for pregnancy
|
|
|
When is uterine and mammary development for pregnancy seen in a dog with a retained corpus luteum?
|
30-90 days post-estrus
|
|
|
What three characteristics are ovarian neoplasia based on?
|
morphology, clinical behavior and malignant potential
|
|
|
What three species most commonly have ovarian neoplasia?
|
cow, mare and bitch
|
|
|
What are the three types of ovarian neoplasias?
|
epithelial, gonadal-stromal, and germ cell
|
|
|
What tissue does epithelial ovarian neoplasms arise from?
|
surface/coelomic epithelium
|
|
|
what three cells do gonadal-stroma neoplasms arise from?
|
granulosa, theca, luteal
|
|
|
What are two types of germ cell ovarian neoplasms?
|
dysgerminomas and teratomas
|
|
|
What are two types of epithelial ovarian neoplasms?
|
cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What type of epithelial ovarian neoplasm is more common?
|
cystadenocarcinomas as cystadenomas are rare
|
|
|
What species more commonly has a cystadenoma?
|
bitch
|
|
|
How do cystadenomas present grossly in a bitch?
|
bilateral +/- hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
How do cystadenomas present grossly in a mare?
|
unilateral
|
|
|
How do cystadenomas appear grossly?
|
polycystic structure with clear fluid
|
|
|
Do cystadenomas metastasis?
|
no
|
|
|
What constitutes about 45% of all canine ovarian tumors?
|
cystadenocarcinomas
|
|
|
What are the two type of cystadenocarcinomas?
|
cystic and papilliferous
|
|
|
Where do cystadenocarcinomas tend to invade?
|
ovarian bursa
|
|
|
How do cystadenocarcinomas metastasis?
|
by seeding the abdomen
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of cystadenocarcinomas?
|
ascites due to lymphatic obstruction
|
|
|
How do cystadenocarcinomas appear grossly?
|
bilateral or unilateral +/- hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
what is the most common ovarian tumor in all species except dog?
|
gonadal-stromal tumor (granulosa/theca cell tumor)
|
|
|
what is another name for a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
granulosa/theca cell tumor
|
|
|
Gondal-stromal tumors are the most common ovarina tumor in all species except__________.
|
Dogs
|
|
|
In what two species are gonadal-stromal tumors benign?
|
cow and mare
|
|
|
What species are gonadal-stromal tumors malignant?
|
carnivores
|
|
|
What type of neoplasm is responsible for 80% of ovarian tumors in mares?
|
gonadal-stromal
|
|
|
Hormonally active gonadal-stromal tumors secrete what hormone?
|
estrogen usually, but can secret progesterone
|
|
|
Grossly, how do gonadal-stromal tumors appear in a mare?
|
unilateral, polycystic, larger than a grapefruit upon detection
|
|
|
Grossly, how do gonadal-stromal tumors appear in a cow?
|
solid (large, spherical, white fleshy mass) or cystic
|
|
|
Are gonadal-stromal tumors large or small?
|
Large: 20-30cm in diameter
|
|
|
Histologically, how do gonadal-stromal tumors appear?
|
cysts lined by granulosa cells surrounded by variable population of thecal cells called rosettes
|
|
|
Histologically, what can the cysts contain in a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
call exner bodies: secretory nodules resembling an ovum
|
|
|
What is an Call Exner body in association with a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
Secretory nodules resembling an ovum found in the cysts
|
|
|
What are two behavioral abnormalities that can result from a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
nymphomania due to hyperestrogenism and bull-like behavior
|
|
|
What species is most likely to exhibit nymphomania as a result of a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
mares
|
|
|
What changes in the estrus cycle can be a result of a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
hyperprogesteronism leading to prolonged estrus, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra
|
|
|
What species is most likely to develop pyometra as a result of a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
bitch
|
|
|
What are three possible sequelae of a gonadal-stromal tumor?
|
behavioral abnormalities, changes in the estrus cycle, and metastases
|
|
|
What is dysgerminoma equivalent to in a male?
|
male seminoma
|
|
|
What species is most likely to get a dysgerminoma?
|
old bitches
|
|
|
Grossly, what is the appearance of dysgerminoma?
|
lobulated mass with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
|
|
|
Do dysgerminomas metastasis?
|
Rarely
|
|
|
What species are teratomas frequently seen?
|
Zebu cattle
|
|
|
How many germinal layers are present in a teratoma?
|
two or more
|
|
|
Are teratomas malignant or benign?
|
benign
|
|
|
What is an oviduct and what is its function?
|
muscular tube that receives ova following ovulation into dilated proximal segment and transfers the ova into the uterine tube
|
|
|
What does an oviduct develop from in a fetus?
|
Mullerian/paramesonephric duct
|
|
|
What species has the uterine diameter large at the junction with a narrow oviduct?
|
mare
|
|
|
What is hydrosalpinx?
|
cystic distention of the oviduct with fluid
|
|
|
What causes hydrosalpinx?
|
obstruction
|
|
|
What is a cause of congenital hydrosalpinx?
|
segmental aplasia
|
|
|
What are six causes of acquired hydrosalpinx?
|
1. trauma
2. stenosis 3. extraluminal adhesions 4. concurrent oophoritis and endometritis 5. pathogenic organisms 6. excessive uterine irrigation |
|
|
What are four pathogenic organisms that can cause acquired hydrosalpinx?
|
ureaplasma spp, mycoplasma spp, campylobacter spp, tritrichomonas spp.
|
|
|
Grossly, what is the appearance of hydrosalpinx lesions?
|
distention by watery or mucoid content, usually unilateral
|
|
|
What is stenosis usually secondary to causing hydrosalpinx?
|
post-inflammatory scarring
|
|
|
What is salpingitis?
|
inflammation of the oviduct
|
|
|
What two things is salpingitis usually secondary to?
|
endometritis and metritis
|
|
|
How is salpingitis caused by endometritis and metirtis?
|
ascending infection/extension
|
|
|
What are six bacterium that can cause salpingitis?
|
staphylococcus spp, stretococcus spp, E. coli, A. pyogenes, brucella suis, mycobacterium spp
|
|
|
If pus accumulates in the lumen of a oviduct with salpingits, what is this called?
|
pyosalpinx
|
|
|
What do the gross lesions of salpingitis look like?
|
catarrhal or suppurative exudates on necrotic mucosa
|
|
|
What are the four possible sequelae of salpingitis?
|
resolves, hydrosaplinx, pyosalpinx, or adhsions/scarring/infertility
|
|
|
What is a mare's uterus shape?
|
T shaped
|
|
|
What is a cow's uterus shape?
|
Y shaped
|
|
|
What is a pigs uterus shape?
|
Y shaped with long horns
|
|
|
What is a dog/cats uterine shape
|
V shaped
|
|
|
What are ruminant caruncles?
|
fleshy masses on uterus
|
|
|
What is the shape of a cows caruncles?
|
knob-shaped
|
|
|
What is the shape of a ovines caruncles?
|
cup-shaped
|
|
|
What species has endometrial cups?
|
Equine
|
|
|
How do most endometrial injuries heal?
|
scarring rather than regeneration
|
|
|
What do endometrial cups in equines produce?
|
gonadotrophic hormone
|
|
|
What is uterus unicornis?
|
agenesis of one mullerian duct
|
|
|
What is uterus didelphys?
|
failure of proper fusion of the caudal portions of the paramesonephric ducts
|
|
|
What are the six possible sequelae of uterus didelphys?
|
double vagina, double cervix, divided uterine fundus, involvement of only the caudal portion of the cervix, duplication of the external os, and bifurcation of the cervical canal
|
|
|
What causes hyometra and mucometra?
|
Obstruction
|
|
|
What are three types of obstructions that cause hyometra and mucometra?
|
congenital, acquire and oversecretion
|
|
|
What causes congenital obstruction leading to hyometra and mucometra?
|
segmental aplasia
|
|
|
What causes acquired obstruction leading to hydrometra and mucometra?
|
post-inflammatory scarring
|
|
|
What causes oversecretion obstruction leading to hydrometra and mucometra?
|
hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What does the gross lesion of hydrometra and mucometra look like?
|
distention by watery to mucoid content
|
|
|
What are two causes of endometrial hyperplasia in bitches?
|
hyperprogesteronism and estrogen-producing tumors
|
|
|
What are three causes of hyperprogesteronism causing endometrial hyperplasia in bitches?
|
retained CL, exogenous hormones preventing estrus, and pseudopregnancy
|
|
|
What are two types of estrogen-producing tumors that cause endometrial hyperplasia in bitches?
|
granulosa cell tumor and ovarian cystadenocarcinomas
|
|
|
What are two causes of endometrial hyperplasia in queens?
|
retained Cl and progesterone injections
|
|
|
What causes endometrial hyperplasia in cows?
|
hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What are three causes of hyperestrogenism that cause endometrial hyperplasia in cows?
|
cystic follicles, granulosa cell tumors and estrogen pastures
|
|
|
What causes endometrial hyperplasia in ewes?
|
plant estrogen
|
|
|
What causes endometrial hyperplasia in sow?
|
zearelenone toxicity which is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp.
|
|
|
What are two other names for zearalenone toxicity which causes endometrial hyperplasia in sows?
|
RAL or F2 toxin
|
|
|
What species is endometrial hyperplasia rare?
|
mares
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia?
|
hormonal stimulation of endometrium causing endometrial hyperplasia leading to overproduction of mucus. This causes cystic distention of mucosal glands causing mucus-covered mucus
|
|
|
What does endometrial hyperplasia look like?
|
"swiss cheese"
|
|
|
What can endometrial hyperplasia secondarily cause?
|
myometra
|
|
|
What does endometrial hyperplasia microscopically look like?
|
cystic distention of mucosal gland by mucus and leukocytic infiltration of mucosa
|
|
|
What is one of the most important endocrine disorders in a bitch?
|
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
What is another name for cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a bitch?
|
pyometra complex
|
|
|
What type of animal does cystic endometrial hyperplasia occur in?
|
nulliparous animals (never given birth)
|
|
|
What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
prolonged priming of the endometrium by estrogens that upregulate isoreceptors for progesterone
|
|
|
What does persistent progesterone do in cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
causes endometrium to become hyperplastic and enhances the susceptilbity of the uterus to infection
|
|
|
What does hyperestrogenism do in cystic endometrial hyperplasia
|
causes overstimulation of endometrial glands leading to endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
What causes the uterus to become more susceptible to pyometra in cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
persistent progesterone
|
|
|
What do the ovaries look like in cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
ovaries with CL
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions to the uterus in cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
enlarged, thick wall, milky serous blood-stained fluid in lumen, hyperplastic endometrium, cystic and congested
|
|
|
In cystic endometrial hyperplasia causing pyometra, what are the gross lesions to the uterus?
|
creamy to brown pus in uterus with thin and friable walls
|
|
|
What extragenital lesions and clinical signs can be observed in cystic endometrial hyperplasia causing pyometra?
|
toxemia, septicemia, bone marrow suppression, polyuria, hypotension causing prerenal uremia, membranoprolifarative glomerulonephritis due to immune complex deposition
|
|
|
Estrogen inhibits the differentiation of what cells?
|
pluripotent stem cells
|
|
|
Estrogen stimulates the differentiation and maturation of what cells?
|
committed stem cells
|
|
|
Hyperestrogenism causes bone marrow suppression causing what clinical signs?
|
pancytopenia and granulocytopenia
|
|
|
What does granulocytopenia in cystic endometrial hyperplasia cause?
|
increased susceptiblity to infection
|
|
|
What three clinical signs are associated with pancytopenia in cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
|
anemia, thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage
|
|
|
What is endometriosis?
|
endometrial tissue invades the peritoneal cavity and implants on adjacent viscera
|
|
|
What species has endometriosis?
|
humans and primates
|
|
|
Does endometriosis respond to hormonal fluctuations of monthly mensturation?
|
yes
|
|
|
What is a differential for endometriosis?
|
neoplasms
|
|
|
What are the five possible mechanisms for endometriosis?
|
1. metaplasia of celomic epithelium
2. transformation of tissue rests 3. regurgitation of endometrium through the infundibulum of the oviduct at menstruation 4. implantation at uterine surgery 5. dissemination of endometrium by lymphatic or blood vessels |
|
|
What is the sequelae of endometriosis?
|
adhesions between organs
|
|
|
What is another name for delayed uterine involution?
|
SIPS: "subinvolution of placental sites"
|
|
|
What species is delayed involution found in?
|
young bitches
|
|
|
When is delayed involution seen?
|
postpartum
|
|
|
What clinical signs are seen with delayed involution in young bitches?
|
normal infoultional hemorrhage for 7-10days with lochial (milky, bloood-tinged) discharge fro 4-6 weeks
|
|
|
What causes delayed involution in young bitches?
|
retention of trophoblasts in endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium lead to longer than normal persistence and deeper than normal penetration of trophoblast-like cells in uterus postpartum
|
|
|
What is a differential for delayed involution in young bitches?
|
pyometra
|
|
|
What gross lesions are associated with delayed involution in young bitches?
|
retained CL, placental implantation sites persist producing hemorrhagic vaginal discharge for several weeks to months; usually about 8-16 weeks postpartum
|
|
|
What are two possible sequelae for delayed involution in young bitches?
|
spontanous recovery and peritonitis
|
|
|
What are three causes of endometritis?
|
postpartum infection, veneral infection or hematogenous infection
|
|
|
What causes postpartum endometritis?
|
secondary to dystocia or retained placenta
|
|
|
What three pathogens cause veneral infection endometritis?
|
campylobacter, tritrichomonas and taylorella
|
|
|
What two pathogens cause hematogenous infection leading to endometritis?
|
mycobacterium and burcella
|
|
|
What lesions are associated with endometritis?
|
congestion and edema with inflammatory exudates on surface of the mucosa
|
|
|
What are two sequelae of endometritis?
|
scarring and regeneration
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of severe endometritis?
|
healing with scarring leading to infertility
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of mild endometirtis?
|
healing with regeneration
|
|
|
What inflammation is limited to the endometrium?
|
endometritis
|
|
|
What inflammation involves the entire uterine wall?
|
metritis
|
|
|
What inflammation involves the uterine serosa?
|
perimetritis
|
|
|
What inflammation involves the suspensory ligaments?
|
parametritis
|
|
|
What is the cause of metritis?
|
postpartum bacterial infection
|
|
|
What usually accompanies the postpartum bacterial infection that causes metritis?
|
dystocia and retained placenta
|
|
|
What five groups of pathogens cause metritis?
|
coliforms, strep, staph, pseudomonas, clostridium
|
|
|
What lesions of the uterine wall are associated with metritis?
|
thick flabby wall with congestion, edema and hemorrhage
|
|
|
What four lesions of the mucosa are associated with metritis?
|
necrosis with ulceration
hemorrhage cystic hyperplasia squamous metaplasia of surface epithelium |
|
|
What lesions of the lumen are associated with metritis?
|
inflammatory exudates with foul odor
|
|
|
In metritis, leukocytes infiltrate to where?
|
infiltrate deeply into muscular layers
|
|
|
What are three sequelae of metritis?
|
septicemia and death, healing with scarring leading to infertility, and healing with regeneration
|
|
|
What is pyometra?
|
chronic suppurative endometritis with retnetion of purulent exudate
|
|
|
What causes pyometra in dogs?
|
retained CL leads to pseudopregnancy which then causes continued progesterone secretion which increases uterus susceptibility and functionally closes the cervix and inhibits myometrial contractions
|
|
|
What predisposes dogs to pyometra?
|
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
What causes pyometra in cows?
|
obstruction to uterine discharge (infection: usually postpartum) leads to pyometra
|
|
|
What causes a retained corpus luteum in cows with pyometra?
|
pyometra causes loss of endometrium which decreases synthesis luteolytic PGF2alpha which causes a retained CL
|
|
|
What two type of exudate in lumen are caused by pyometra?
|
viscid and brown or creamy yellow
|
|
|
In pyometra, what pathogen causes creamy yellow exudate in lumen?
|
Streptococcus spp.
|
|
|
In pyometra, what pathogen causes viscid and brown exudate in the lumen?
|
E. coli
|
|
|
In pyometra, how does the marked uterine distention in the bitch grossly appear?
|
locular distentions of postpartum tract by brown to yellow purulent exudates
|
|
|
In pyometra, how does the marked uterine distention in the cow grossly appear?
|
thick flabby wall with congestion, edema and hemorrhage
|
|
|
What are three gross lesions of the mucosa associated with pyometra?
|
necrosis/ulceration/hemorrhage
cystic endometrial hyperplasia squamous metaplasia of surface epithelium |
|
|
What extragenital lesions are associated with pyometra? (3 generalized)
|
1. bacteremia, toxemia
2. bone marrow suppression leading to extramedullary hematopoiesis 3. immune complex glomerulonephritis |
|
|
What are two sequelae of pyometra?
|
healing with scarring causing infertility or septicemia leading to death
|
|
|
what are two mesenchymal neoplasms of the uterus?
|
leiomyoma and fibroleiomyoma
|
|
|
How do mesenchymal neoplasms usually appear in the uterus?
|
firm nodular mass in uterine wall
|
|
|
What clinical sign are mesenchymal neoplasms in the uterus associated with?
|
hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What is a epithelial neoplasm in the uterus?
|
endometrial adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What species most commonly has endometrial adenocarcinoma?
|
aged rabbits
|
|
|
Besides rabbits, what other species can occasionally have endometrial adenocarcinomas?
|
cows
|
|
|
What is a metastatic neoplasm of the uterus?
|
malignant lymphoma
|
|
|
What is virus is malignant lymphoma associated with?
|
Bovine Leukosis Virus
|
|
|
What are three predispositions to prolapsed vagina?
|
advanced pregnancy, dystocia, hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What are two causes of cystic gartner's ducts?
|
hyperestrogenism and inflammation
|
|
|
How does cystic gartner's ducts grossly present?
|
single or multiple cysts and a tortuous channel in floor of the vagina
|
|
|
What is a differential for cystic gartner's ducts?
|
Bartholin's gland cyst
|
|
|
What causes vulvar tumefaction in swine?
|
feeding of moldy grain contaminated with Fusarium spp
|
|
|
what is the pathogenesis of vulvar tumefaction in swine?
|
grain with fusarium spp creates zearalenone toxin leading to hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
What gross lesion do young gilts with vulvar tumefaction present with?
|
swelling of vulva
|
|
|
Besides swelling of vulva, what are three other clinical signs/lesions associated with vulvar tumefaction in swine?
|
rectal/vaginal prolapse
precocious mammary development pseudopregnancy |
|
|
What is vulvovaginitis?
|
inflammation of vulva and vagina
|
|
|
What five clinical signs are apparent with vulvovaginitis?
|
1. redness
2. swelling 3. mucosal necrosis 4. inflammatory exudates on surface 5. cystic Bartholin's glands |
|
|
What are three causes of vulvovaginitis?
|
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, granular vulvovaginitis, trauma
|
|
|
What is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?
|
highly contagious veneral disease of cattle
|
|
|
What species is prone to infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?
|
cattle
|
|
|
What causes infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?
|
BHV-1
|
|
|
What four tissues can infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle have lesions?
|
vagina, vulva, penis, prepuce
|
|
|
How do gross lesions present in infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle?
|
hyperemia/edema and necrosis, erosion/ulceration and pustules
|
|
|
What causes granular vulvovaginitis?
|
mycoplasma and ureaplasma spp
|
|
|
What are three gross lesions that present with granular vulvovaginitis?
|
diffuse hyperemia and granularity of vaginal mucosal membranes
small nodules on vulva painful, purulent vaginal bleeding |
|
|
Does granular vulvovaginitis interfere with breeding practices?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is a differential for granular vulvovaginitis?
|
IPV: infectious purulent vulvovaginitis
|
|
|
What causes infectious bovine cervicovaginitis?
|
BHV-4
|
|
|
Geographically, where does infectious bovine cervicovaginitis occur?
|
Africa
|
|
|
What are the lesions of infectious bovine cervicovaginitis?
|
congestion and purulent exudates in vagina
|
|
|
What causes coital exanthema in equines?
|
EHV-3
|
|
|
What are the gross lesion of coital exanthema in equines?
|
vesicles and erosions on external genitalia
|
|
|
What is Dourine?
|
veneral disease of equines
|
|
|
What causes dourine in equines?
|
trypsanoma equiperdum
|
|
|
What are two lesions/CS of dourine in equines?
|
edema in external genitalia and mucosal ulceration
|
|
|
What causes veneral spirochetosis of rabbits?
|
treponema cuniculi
|
|
|
where are gross lesion for veneral spirochetosis of rabbits?
|
prepuce and vulva
|
|
|
How do gross lesions for veneral spirochetosis of rabbits appear?
|
erythematous macules, papules or nodules with erosions, ulcers and crusts
|
|
|
What causes fibropapillomas in cows?
|
bovine papilloma virus
|
|
|
How does fibropapillomas present grossly in young cows?
|
as a genital wart
|
|
|
How does fibropapilloma grossly present in a bull?
|
penile lesion
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of fibropapillomas of cows?
|
spontaneous regression in 1-6 months
|
|
|
What causes transmissible venereal tumor in bitches?
|
transfer of neoplastic cells, have 59 chromosomes
|
|
|
How does TVT in bitches grossly present?
|
cauliflower like, fleshy growth on vagina/vulva
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of TVT in bitches?
|
spontaneous regression
|
|
|
What species does TVT present in?
|
bitches
|
|
|
What three species are affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina/vulva?
|
mare, cow (hereford, holstein) and ewe
|
|
|
What is the cause of SCC of the vagina and vulva in mares and cows?
|
secondary to solar radiation and exposure to sunlight
|
|
|
Grossly, how does SCC of the vulva present?
|
large ulcerative lesion
|
|
|
Where does an SCC of the vulva metastasis to?
|
pelvic/iliac lymph nodes
|
|
|
What are the three fetal membranes?
|
amnion, allantois and chorion
|
|
|
What two species has diffuse placentas?
|
horse and pig
|
|
|
What species has coteyldonary placentas?
|
ruminants
|
|
|
What two species has zonary placentas?
|
dog and cat
|
|
|
what two species has discoidal placentas?
|
primates and rodents
|
|
|
Where are squamous amniotic plaques found?
|
amnion of cattle
|
|
|
What is squamous amniotic plaques?
|
focal areas of squamous epithelium that becomes keratinized
|
|
|
How does squamous amniotic plaques present?
|
scattered white raised plaques on amnion near the umbilical stalk
|
|
|
What will infoldings of the epithelial plaques form in squamous amniotic plaques?
|
spherical cystic structures filled with keratined spithelium= amniotic pustules
|
|
|
What kind of lesions can squamous amnionic plaques be mistaken for?
|
pox lesions
|
|
|
Sometimes, squamous amnionic plaques can detach from anion during what?
|
parturition
|
|
|
When is anionic mineralization present in cattle fetus?
|
when fetal size varies between 2.5 and 25cm
|
|
|
Before how many days is amnionic mineralization not present in visible quantities?
|
60 days
|
|
|
At what point in gestation is amnionic mineralization present in a cattle fetus?
|
2-4 months of gestation
|
|
|
What does amnionic mineralization grossly look like?
|
firm white plaques
|
|
|
What two areas is amnionic mineralization deposited?
|
in chorion and along course of capillaries
|
|
|
What species has chorioallantoic pouches?
|
foals
|
|
|
Where are chorioallantoic pouches formed?
|
over sites of endometrial cups around the chorion near the umbilical cord attachment site
|
|
|
Where are hoppimones usually found?
|
free-floating in allantoic/amniotic cavity
|
|
|
From where are hoppimanes developed?
|
from the deposition of material from allantoic fluid on a central nucleus of desquamated cell debris
|
|
|
How do hoppimanes grossly appear?
|
fleshy, amorphous rubbery mass
|
|
|
Where are hoppimanes located in a mare?
|
allantoic cavity
|
|
|
Where are hoppimanes located in a cow?
|
allantoic or amniotic cavities
|
|
|
What cell gives rise to endometrial cups in mares?
|
fetal-derived trophoblastic cells
|
|
|
When do fetal-derived trophoblastic ells detach from fetal chorion to create endometrial cups in the mare?
|
approx 35 days into gestation
|
|
|
What do endometrial cup tissues produce and what does this hormone do?
|
equine chorionic gonadotrophin to maintain pregnancy
|
|
|
When in gestation do endometrial cups become visible?
|
40 days
|
|
|
When do endometrial cups become pale and slough in gestation?
|
100-140 days
|
|
|
At 100--140 days into gestation, what do the endometrial cups do?
|
become pale and slough
|
|
|
What three sequelae can develop from endometrial cups?
|
accessory CL, failure to return to estrus and pseudopregnancy
|
|
|
What are cervical "stars" in foals?
|
points of chorionic membrane's attachment to the cervix
|
|
|
Where are cervical "stars" located?
|
on the chorion of mares, the fetal placental zone adjacent to mare's cervix
|
|
|
What are the four non-villous areas on the chorion that look like a star?
|
1. cervical area
2. area opposite uterine tubes 3. endometrial cup sites 4. areas between placental folds |
|
|
What is excess fluid in the amniotic sac?
|
hydramnion
|
|
|
What is excess fluid in the allantoic sac?
|
hydrallantois
|
|
|
What are four causes of hydrops allantois and amnion?
|
1. excessive fluid production
2. abnormal metabolism of fetal fluids 3. severe nervous abnormalities of fetus 4. retained fetal membranes |
|
|
What is usually the sequelae of hydrops allantois and amnion?
|
fetal death occurs with marked abdominal distention of dam
|
|
|
What is the cause associated with hydramnion?
|
fetal malformation that leads to inhibited drinking reflex
|
|
|
How does the fluid in hydramnion grossly appear?
|
slimy
|
|
|
Where is the fluid in hydramnion usually derived from?
|
fetal saliva
|
|
|
What are two pathologies associated with hydrallantois?
|
uterine disease and twin calves
|
|
|
How many liters can be in the sac in hydrallantois?
|
70 liters
|
|
|
Where is the fluid in hydrallantois derived from?
|
fetal urine
|
|
|
What are six possible sequelae of hydrallantois?
|
1. dystocia
2. uterine paresis/retained placenta 3. metritis 4. small calves 5. abortion 6. ascites/anasarca |
|
|
What species and age is adventitial placentation common?
|
older cattle
|
|
|
What is another name for adventitial placentation?
|
accessory cotyledons
|
|
|
What are two reasons adventitial placentation formed in older cattle?
|
following inflammatory destruction of caruncles and provides additional areas of fetal and maternal placental attachement
|
|
|
What is adventitial placentation in older cattle?
|
compensatory development of new endometrial attachment sites
|
|
|
What four bacteria are responsible for placentitis?
|
C. fetus, Brucella spp, chlamydial spp, salmonella spp
|
|
|
what three types of pathogens can cause placentitis?
|
bacteria, protozoa, fungi
|
|
|
What two types of protozoa can cause placentitis?
|
toxoplasma spp and tritrichomonas fetus
|
|
|
What species does toxoplasma spp usually cause placentitis?
|
ewes
|
|
|
What two fungi can cause placentitis?
|
Aspergillus and Mucor
|
|
|
What type of infection will usually cause placentitis?
|
hematogenous infection
|
|
|
How will the placenta present grossly in placentitis?
|
congestion, edema and hemorrhage in friable necrotic placenta
|
|
|
What gross lesion will be apparent in a infection of brucella and mycotic causing placentitis?
|
thick and leathery placenta
|
|
|
What are five sequelae of placentitis?
|
1. fetal death and resorption
2. dystocia 3. retained placenta 4. metritis 5. endometrial scarring |
|
|
What three problems are associated with endometrial scarring from placentitis?
|
infertility, sterility, failure to carry to term
|
|
|
What are the three gestation periods?
|
periods of the ovum, embryo and fetus
|
|
|
How long is the period of the ovum in the cow?
|
0-12 days
|
|
|
How long is the period of the embryo in the cow?
|
12-45 days
|
|
|
how long is the period of the fetus in a cow?
|
45- term
|
|
|
What are SEVEN general causes of abortion?
|
1. physical injury
2. genetic 3. nutritional 4. hormonal 5. toxic 6. infection 7. twinning |
|
|
What are two examples of physical injury causing abortion?
|
palpation and douching
|
|
|
What type of genetics cause abortion?
|
lethal genes
|
|
|
What are two types of nutritional deficiency that cause abortion?
|
iodine and vitamin A
|
|
|
Excess of what hormone causes abortion?
|
corticosteroids
|
|
|
What are two general types of toxins cause abortion?
|
NO3 and plants
|
|
|
What is abortion?
|
external expulsion of a dead fetus or living conceptus prior to stage of expected viability
|
|
|
What is a stillbirth?
|
dead fetus expelled at term or delivered within the time of expected viability
|
|
|
What is found in the amniotic fluid of a stillborn fetus?
|
meconium: green mucoid first feces of a newborn
|
|
|
What are three later stages of fetal death?
|
mummification, maceration &/or fetal emphysema, and abortion (fetus still alive)
|
|
|
What two species have mummification associated with viral infections?
|
cow and sow
|
|
|
What is the difference between a multiparous species and a uniparous species mummification?
|
multiparous spp will expel mummified fetus spontaneously or at parturition while uniparous species may retain fetus indefinitely
|
|
|
What happens in a mummified fetus?
|
fluid is resorbed
|
|
|
What does a mummified fetus look like?
|
dessicatee fetus appears dry, brown leathery structure; consisting mainly of skin and bones; no odor or exudates
|
|
|
Is there bacterial contamination in a mummified fetus?
|
NO: cervix is closed
|
|
|
How is the dead mummified fetus retained in the uterus?
|
through active function of the CL
|
|
|
How can the mummified fetus resist autolysis?
|
fetus dies at a more differentiated stage so skin is mature enough to resist autolysis
|
|
|
What fetal remains are retained in maceration?
|
bones, pieces of tissue and fluid
|
|
|
What occurs in maceration if the cervix is open?
|
fetal emphysema
|
|
|
Is there bacterial contamination in maceration?
|
Yes: leads to exudation and foul-smelling odor
|
|
|
What gross lesions does bacterial contamination in maceration?
|
putrefaction by bacterial degradation and exudation and foul-smelling odor
|
|
|
At what stage do cows have incomplete maceration and what remains in the uterus?
|
3 months gestation and bones remain
|
|
|
What are two sequelae to maceration?
|
pyometra and chronic endometritis
|
|
|
What percent of ruminants and swine have infection as the source for fetal disease?
|
80%
|
|
|
What percent of horses have infection as the source for fetal disease?
|
60%
|
|
|
What are two routes of infection for fetal disease?
|
hematogenous and ascending
|
|
|
What are the three principle infectious manifestions for fetal disease?
|
1. maternal systemic infection
2. uterotropic/placental infection 3. fetal infection |
|
|
What are three examples of pathogens causing maternal systemic infection leading to fetal disease?
|
Lepto, EVA, salmonella
|
|
|
What is one example of a pathogen causing placental infection leading to fetal disease?
|
brucellosis
|
|
|
How does B. abortis cause fetal abortion? (pathogenesis)
|
infection of the dam->localization in lymphoid tissue and replication-> bacteremia-> localization in uterus and replication-> phagocytosis of bacteria by trophoblasts-> necrosis of trophoblasts-> invasion into chorioallantoic membrane-> fetal death and abortion
|
|
|
In cow, what can cause non-infectious fetal disease?
|
toxins, stress and nutritional
|
|
|
What are five toxins that can cause fetal disease in cows?
|
1. nitrates
2. erotamine 3. mycotoxins 4. plants |
|
|
What two types of plants can cause toxin fetal disease in cattle?
|
ponderosa pine needles and lupines
|
|
|
What type of nutritional excess/deficiency can cause fetal disease in cattle?
|
selenium
|
|
|
What is the most important cause of non-infectious equine abortions?
|
twinning
|
|
|
What is premature placental separation in mares?
|
chorioallantois is separated from the endometrium before birth
|
|
|
What is another name for premature placental separation in mares?
|
red bag
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of premature placental separation?
|
fetus dies from asphyxia
|
|
|
What species has placental insufficiency?
|
mares
|
|
|
What causes placental insufficiency?
|
avillous chorion/villous atrophy
|
|
|
What are three umbilical cord abnormalities that are associated with mares?
|
excessive length, torsion or too short
|
|
|
What are three sequelae of umbilical cord abnormalities?
|
fetal death, mummification, stillbirth
|
|
|
What is fescue toxicosis and what species is effected?
|
fescue grass containing fungus acremonium coenophialum leads to alkaloids (toxins) found in mares
|
|
|
What clinical signs does fescue toxins cause?
|
agalacia and prolonged gestation and are toxic to the embryo
|
|
|
What lesions are associated with fescue toxicosis in the fetus?
|
edema and thickened amnion
|
|
|
What is the sequelae for the fetus with fescue toxicosis?
|
fetal death at term or fetal abortion
|
|
|
What is the pathogen of the most common fatal bovine mastitis?
|
E. coli
|
|
|
What is the pathogen that causes second most common and most important mastitis in most dairy herds?
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
What are two possible sequelae of bovine mastitis?
|
septicemia leading to death or post-inflammatory atrophy and scarring leading to permanent decrease in milk production
|
|
|
E. coli belongs to what group of pathogens that is the most common cause of fatal mastitis?
|
coliforms
|
|
|
How doe coliforms contaminate the mammary gland?
|
from the environment via the papillary duct
|
|
|
What kind of secretions do the mammary glands produce with coliform infections?
|
cloudy, bloodstained with clumps of fibrin
|
|
|
What are three lesions caused by coliforms?
|
hyperemia, hemorrhages and edema
|
|
|
When does a mastitis infection with S. aureus usually occur?
|
shortly after parturition
|
|
|
What kind of toxin is released from coliforms in mastitis?
|
endotoxin
|
|
|
What kind of toxin is released from S. aureus in mastitis?
|
exotoxin
|
|
|
What causes gangrenous mastitis?
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
What are five clinical signs/lesions of gangrenous mastitis?
|
severe necrotizing mastitis, blue-black color, coldness of affected area, fluid exudation, crepitation
|
|
|
When can A. pyogenes cause mastitis?
|
ANYTIME: lactating, non-lactating and even immature bovine mammary glands
|
|
|
What is the third most common cause of mastitis in cattle?
|
A. pyogenes
|
|
|
What causes sporadic cases of acute mastitis?
|
A. pyogenes
|
|
|
What are four lesions cause by A. pyogenes mastitis?
|
multiple abscesses, fistulas, granulation, and fibrosis
|
|
|
what species mainly have mammary neoplasia?
|
dogs and cats
|
|
|
Are adenomas of the mammary gland benign or malignant?
|
benign
|
|
|
What tissues arise to form a simple type of adenomas of the mammary gland?
|
epithelial or myepithelial
|
|
|
What do complex type of adenomas of the mammary glands contain?
|
both epithelial and myoepithelial components
|
|
|
What do adenocarcinomas grossly look like?
|
white, firm, poorly circumscribed with +/- ulceration
|
|
|
Do adenocarcinomas of the mammary glands metastasis?
|
Yes, frequently
|
|
|
What is the most frequent mammary tumor in cats?
|
adenocarcinomas
|
