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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neoplasia
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neoplasm = new growth
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parenchyma
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specific/distinguishing cells of organ
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Stroma
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supportive connective tissue and
blood vessels |
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desmoplasia
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abundant collagenous stroma
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Adenoma
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Benign epithelial neoplasms
Derived from or forming glands ‐ also derived from hepatocytes, renal epithelium |
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Cystadenoma
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Benign epithelial neoplasms
cystic masses arise from product of neoplastic glandular cells: ‐ Cyst: closed cavity or sac lined by epithelium |
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Papilloma:
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Benign epithelial neoplasms
forming finger‐like projections ‐ squamous papilloma; papillary adenoma |
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Polyp
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Benign epithelial neoplasms
growth pattern of neoplastic cells; growth projects above a mucosal (or skin) surface |
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Osteoma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Bone |
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Fibroma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Fibrous tissue |
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Chondroma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Cartilage |
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Leiomyoma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Muscle, smooth |
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Rhabdomyoma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Muscle, skeletal |
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Lipoma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Fat |
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Hemangioma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Blood vessels |
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Angioma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Blood vessels |
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Lymphangioma
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Benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
Lymph vessels |
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carcinoma
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Malignant Neoplasms
epithelial tumors |
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sarcoma
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Malignant Neoplasms
tumors derived from mesenchyme |
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Carcinomas
Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium Epidermoid carcinoma (squamous differentiation) |
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Carcinomas
Basal cells of skin |
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Adenocarcinoma
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Carcinomas
Glandular, duct or columnar cell origin |
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Malignant
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• Implies that the condition clinically:
‐ causes death by virtue of its characteristics ‐ has rapid growth ‐ may invade and destroy contiguous structures ‐ may disseminate throughout the body (metastasize) |
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Epidermoid carcinoma
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Carcinomas
(squamous differentiation) |
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Osteosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Fibrosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Chondrosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Liposarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Hemangiosarcoma, angiosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Lymphangiosarcoma
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Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms
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Nevus
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Neoplasms of neuroectoderm
• Nevus ‐ benign, synonym mole ‐ Common, brown pigmented ‐ Arise at any time during life ‐ Small; usually less than 0.5 mm; circumscribed ‐ Does not enlarge; change significantly over time |
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• Malignant melanoma (melanoma)
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‐ Enlarging; may ulcerate; outline irregular
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Salivary gland/lacrimal gland tumor:
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Neoplasms of more than one cell type; usually
derived from 1 germ layer mixed tumor or pleomorphic adenoma (behavior is usually benign) ‐ most common neoplasm at each location |
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fibroadenoma
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Neoplasms of more than one cell type; usually
derived from 1 germ layer Breast: tumor of glands and fibrous tissue most common benign tumor of breast |
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Renal anlage:
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Neoplasms of more than one cell type; usually
derived from 1 germ layer Nephroblastoma, Wilm’s tumor (malignant) |
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teratoma
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Neoplasm derived from
more than one germ cell line Origin from germ cells in gonads or rests • Terato = monster, teratoma ‐ Tumor with origin from totipotential cells ‐ Solid/cystic, expresses any/all germ layers |
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Myxoma
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benign tumor of mesenchyme (stroma; matrix) with a mucoid appearance
‐ most common tumor of heart in adults |
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Myxosarcoma
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Other mesenchymal neoplasms
malignant tumor of mesenchyme with a mucoid appearance |
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Mixed mesodermal sarcoma
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Other mesenchymal neoplasms
features of multiple types of mesenchyme |
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Hepatoma
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Melanoma
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant a skin tumor of melanocytes, should be called malignant melanoma |
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Lymphoma
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant is always malignant lymphoma |
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Multiple myeloma
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant plasma cell malignancy, often with multiple bone lesions |
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Mesothelioma
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant arises from pleura; peritoneum |
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Gliomas
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Tumor names that sound benign
but are always malignant |
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Lymphoma
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Hematopoietic Malignancies
Malignant neoplasm that is formed of masses of lymphocytes in lymph nodes or extranodal tissues |
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Leukemia
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Hematopoietic Malignancies
malignant neoplasm of blood forming cells that involves bone marrow diffusely (no mass); neoplastic cells may circulate in peripheral blood |
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Meningioma
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Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign neoplasm of covering of brain |
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Neuroma
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Nervous System Neoplasms
benign tumor of nerve origin |
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Gliomas
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Nervous System Neoplasms
Most common malignant neoplasms of the brain |
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Heterotopia
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normal tissue present at an abnormal site
• Pancreatic tissue in stomach, small intestine • Breast tissue in axilla |
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Transformation
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Changing from benign to malignant
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Four phases in the natural history of tumors
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1) Transformation
2) Growth of the transformed cells 3) Local invasion 4) Distant metastases |
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Differentiation
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The extent to which neoplastic cells
resemble comparable normal cells |
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Tumor grade
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degree of differentiation
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Anaplasia
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“to form backward”: more closely
resemble stem cell from which they are derived lack of differentiation |
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Pleomorphism‐
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Malignant Tumors:
Anaplasia. variation in size/ shape |
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Hyperchomatic
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Malignant Tumors:
Anaplasia nuclei‐ increased staining |
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Increasednuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
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Malignant Tumors:
Anaplasia abnormal mitoses |
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tumor giant cells
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Anaplasia
necrosis |
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Tumor Grading scale
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Malignant tumors are graded‐ grades 1
through 3 or 4 ‐ Grade 1: well differentiated; low grade ‐ Grade 2: moderately differentiated ‐ Grade 3: poorly differentiated; high grade |
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Low grade
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well‐differentiated tumors,
tend to grow slowly |
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High grade
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poorly differentiated tumors,
tend to grow rapidly Rapid growth leads to hemorrhage and necrosis |
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Dysplasia
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intact basement membrane
just like anaplasia except without necrosis |
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Growth Fraction
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proportion of cells in the proliferative pool
- measured by S-phase of proliferative marker more cells = faster growth |
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Progression
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acquisition of more aggressive behavior; greater malignant potential
Incrementally acquired, multiple mutations in different tumor cells |
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Heterogeneity
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populations of cells that differ with respect to phenotype
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Local invasion
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breach of BM
second-most important sign of malignancy (metastasis is first) |
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Metastasis
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tumor implants discontinuous with the primary tumor
most reliable sign of malignancy exceptions: invasive tumors that do not metastasize but may be lethal - gliomas of the CNS - Basal cell carcinomas |
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Seeding
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cancer breaks through to an "open field" and spreads onto surface of space.
where a malignant cell drops, thats where cancer grows Peritoneal seeding: growth confined to surface of viscera; peritoneum - ovarian cancer - gastric carcinoma; pancreatic carcinoma pleural cavity, pericardium - seeded by lung cancer |
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Stages of cancer
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Stage 0 - in situ carcinoma (precancer)
Stage I - small invasive primary tumor, no nodes, no blood-borne metastasis Stages II and III - increasing tumor size, extension, and/or/ LN involvement Stage IV - blood borne metastasis |
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TNM Staging System
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T - primary tumor size, depth of invasion
N - nodal involvement - N0 - no nodes involved - N1 - regional nodes M - blood borne metastasis - M0 - none - M1 - metastasis present |
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TNM Staging system T levels
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Tis - in situ
T1 - always invasive; relatively small and confined to the organ in which the tumor arises T2-T4 - tumor increasing in size and/or extension or depth of invasion at primary site |
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Most common cancers in Males
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Prostate
Lung Colon/rectum |
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Most common cancers in Females
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Breast
Lung Colon/rectum |
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Most common causes of cancer death
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Males and Females: Lung
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Arsenic |
Lung, skin, hemangiosarcoma
metal working; electrical; fungicides; semiconductors |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Asbestos |
Lung, mesothelioma
break linings; insulaiton |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Benzene |
Leukemia, lymphoma
petroleum; solvent; printing; drying agent |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Ethylene oxide |
leukemia
ripening agent; rocket propellant; fumigants; sterilization |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Radon |
lung
uranium mining; underground mines; quarries |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Vinyl chloride |
Angiosarcoma
refrigerant; molded plastics |
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Occupational Cancer Risk
Aniline dye |
Bladder cancer
leather industry |
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Familial Adenomatous Polyposis of the colon (FAP)
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APC Gene mutation
100+ polyps of the colon in late adolescence |
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
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MEN-2B gene mutation
multiple tumors of parathyroid, pituitary gland, c-cells of thyroid, and pancreatic islet cells |
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Neurofibromatosis
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NF-1 gene mutation
Cafe au lait spots; Lisch nodules |
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
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Disordered Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mutation
Extreme photosensitivity to UV light |
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Ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene
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ATM gene results in chromosome fragility
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Bloom syndrome mutated gene
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BLM gene mutations
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Fanconi's anemia mutated gene
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chromosome fragility
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Steps in Carcinogenesis
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Initiation first then add promoters at frequent regular intervals
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Haploinsufficiency
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loss of a single allele
implicated in some cancers but loss of both alleles is more common |
