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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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leading causes of death in >65 yoa
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1. heart disease - 32%
2. ca - 22% |
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prevalent conditions in 65+ yoa
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1. arthritis - 0.5%
2. HTN - 0.36% |
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programmed theories: definition
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describe aging regarding biological timeline, or as continuation of processes that regulate growth & development
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different programed theories
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1. programmed longevity theory (planned obsolescence theory)
2. endocrine theory 3. immunologic theory |
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programmed longevity theory (planned obsolescence theory)
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aging = result of activation & deactivation of genes over time
senescence = when age associated deficits being to appear |
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endocrine theory
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hormones are vital for regulating & repairing bodily functions;
senescence = reduction of hormone production -->decline in body's ability to regulate/repair |
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immunologic theory
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decline in immune system functions = increased vulnerabliity to infectious disease
--> immune dysregulation = increased risk of developing autoimmune disease |
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error theories - definition
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environmental assaults on cells, tissue, organs --> gradually resulting in senescence
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types of error theories
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1. wear and tear theory
2. rate of living theory 3. crosslinking theory 4. free radical theory 5. telomere theory 6. misfolded protein theory |
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wear and tear theory
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cell damage due to use
tissues and organs wearing cells out |
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rate of living theory
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we have limited # of heartbeats/breaths
eventually run out more plausible model is the one of O2 metabolism: rapid metabolism = shorter life span ***human fish - different mitochondria; can live 100 yrs |
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crosslinking theory
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w/ age, DNA, proteins, and other molecules develop attachments --crosslinks-- w/ each other
interferes w/ nL cellular fnxn |
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free radical theory
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free radicals are nL byproduct of metabolism
1. free radicals cause aging 2. exacerbate aging related issues |
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telomere theory
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each mitosis reduces size of telomere
shortening leads to eventual failure of mitosis ca cells receive immortality by preserving telemorase |
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misfolded protein theory
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HSP (heat shock pro) and mol chaperones fail --> misfolded proteins accumulate
accumulation --> failed heat shock response (heat shock response = refolding process) |
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aging associated changes mainly result of:
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1. underlying physiologic changes that occur w/ age
2. presence of other ds & conditions that developed over time 3. genetic predisposition (to ds) 4. lifestyle factors - diet, exercise, cigs, booze, sun, meds, toxins (huffing cat feces) |
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heart
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a. atrophy cardiac mm
-->reduced flow, dec supply to body b. loss of elasticity in artery walls -->development of HTN a+b= loss stamina, inc susceptibility to drug tox (reduced renal/liver fnxn), cardiac diseases... |
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respiratory
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a. loss of elasticity in airways of lung tissue
b. atrophy of resp mm c. arthritis of rib cage a+b+c= dev of HTN ==> sob, loss stamina, fatigue, susceptibilty to resp infxns |
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musculoskeletal
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a. atrophy mm
b. replacement of mm w/ fat a+b = loss of tone & strength c. ca++ decrease (age 35) d. bone density decreases (same age) c+d=osteoporosis, red weight bearing capacity ==>spont fract. e. thinning vertebrae f. other spinal column changes e+f=red height, postural changes ==>bending difficulty g. joint changes = worsened arthritis ==> impaired mobility, etc |
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brain
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a. shrinks (@ 65 yoa, dec up to 10%)
b. changes in nerve receptors c. red prod. of NTs b+c= dec efficiency of nerve transmission ==>dec response time, inc falling/loss balance d. fragmented sleep patterns ****intelligence is PRESERVED |
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vision
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a. loss lens elasticity
b. yellowing lens --> can't see blue c. reduced light transmission d. dec visual acuity e. dec tear prod f. age related conditions - cataracts |
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hearing
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1. changes in mid ear -> loss of high freq
2. sig hearing loss is NOT nL PART OF AGING 3. deg of neural transmission |
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taste, smell
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1. red # taste buds
2. loss smell usually due to SECONDARY CAUSE (polyp, etc) |
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mouth
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thinning oral epithelium
gingival recession swallowing probs |
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stomach
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little effects in gastric secretions
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small intestines
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dec absorption
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large intestines
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slow transit
increased opoid receptors |
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panc, liver, gall bladder
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loss hepatocytes
LESS INSULIN PROD. NOT FROM AGING |
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urinary
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dehydration is MC fluid & electrolyte disorder in elderly
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endocrine
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decreased lvls of aldost, calciton, GH + dec liv/kidney fnxn = nL or higher circulating levels
red of receptors = diabetes |
