Pathology Exam #2

Front 1

kwashiorkor

Back 1

protein malnutrition associated with edema

Front 2

marasmus

Back 2

calorie malnutrition

Front 3

dental complications with severe malnutrition

Back 3

increase caries
enamel hypoplasia
salivary hypofunction
delayed eruption

Front 4

Secondary disorders leading to nutritional diseases

Back 4

1. chronic alcoholism
2. prenancy
3. AIDS
4. eating disorders
5. vegans
6. food fads
7. renal dialysis
8. prolonged used of diuretics
9. malabsorption syndromes
10. neoplasms

Front 5

most common effect of nutritional deficiency?

Back 5

anemia

Front 6

anemia

Back 6

-any factor that decreases hematopoiesis can cause anemia

Front 7

most important cause of anemia in US?

Back 7

iron deficiency

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Causes for iron deficiency

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1. dietary factors
2. malabsorption (IBD, gastrectomy)
3. blood loss
4. increased demand- pregnancy, children
5. congential- atransferrinemia- can't transfer iron

Front 9

megaloblastic anemia

Back 9

abnormal WBC and RBC
consequence of disordered DNA synthesis

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Causes of folate deficiency

Back 10

1. dietary deficiency
2. malabsoprtion
3. increased demand
4. drugs- methotrexate, anticonvulsants, oral contraceptive, alcoholism
5. liver disease

Front 11

cobalamin (B12) deficiency

Back 11

almost always a secondary disorder
-intrinsic factor deficiency- required for absorption in intestine
-malabsoption

Front 12

pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

Back 12

most commonly associated with alcoholism

Front 13

hemolytic anemia

Back 13

not associated with nutritional disease, decreased red blood cell life

Front 14

aplastic anemia

Back 14

not associated with nutritional disease, failure of marrow to produce new cells

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Vitamin A deficiency

Back 15

-night blindness- can't see in weak light, decreased rhodopsin
-can show skin lesions
-in kids vit A reduces measles

Front 16

Vitamin D deficiency

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-in young- rickets- can't mineralize bone
-in adults- osteomalacia- failure to deposit bone

Front 17

Vitamin E deficiency

Back 17

RARE
usually secondary disorder associated with fat malabsorption- cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, bile flow obstruction
-neurological disorder- sensory loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa

Front 18

Vitamin K deficiency

Back 18

present in leafy plants and synthesized by intestinal bacteria
-impaired coagulation

Front 19

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

Back 19

Beriberi
peripheral neuopathy
Korsakoff syndrome

Front 20

nicotinamide (niacin) deficiency

Back 20

pellegra
-single low quality protein source
-3 D's- dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
usually associated with alcoholism

Front 21

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency

Back 21

scurvy
inability to produce mature collagen

Front 22

what type of anemia associated with pyroxidine deficiency?

Back 22

megaloblastic anemia

Front 23

4 major minerals required for life

Back 23

sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium

Front 24

Iodine deficiency

Back 24

hypothyroidism
-need for synthesis of thyroid hormones
-causes goiter

Front 25

Calcium

Back 25

adults 800mg/day
decrease osteoporosis
too little can increase risk of periodontal disease

Front 26

iron deficiency

Back 26

causes anemia

Front 27

copper deficiency

Back 27

resembles iron deficiency anemia and osteoporosis
-needed for normal hematopoiesis and bone growth

Front 28

fluoride

Back 28

less than 1ppm- mottling of teeth
too much- fluorosis, calcification of ligaments

Front 29

hypervitaminosis

Back 29

high does of some vitamins usually associated with megaviatmin dietary regimes can produce toxic effects

Front 30

Too much vitamin D

Back 30

-hypercalcemia
-in severe cases-cardiomyopathy
-renal damage associated with abnormal calcification

Front 31

Too much vitamin E

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-daily use over 600IU
-hypertrigyleridemia
-depressed thyroxine levels

Front 32

Too much vitamin A

Back 32

-liver damage
-vision changes
can be teratogenic

Front 33

Too much nicotinic acid

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skin flushing, itching, rashes
abnormal liver function- rare

Front 34

Too much thiamine

Back 34

hypersensitivity reactions when given by injection

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Too much vitamin C

Back 35

gastrointestinal disturbance, skin rashes

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Too much folic acid

Back 36

birth defects

Front 37

Too much pyridoxine

Back 37

sensory neuropathy

Front 38

What percent of human cancers are related to nutritional factors?

Back 38

30-50%

Front 39

What types of cancer are related to dietary fat/obesity?

Back 39

colon, prostate, breast, endometrial, ovary, kidney

Front 40

food additive (definition)

Back 40

substances added directly to food or become components of food

Front 41

food additives and human cancer

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conversion of nitrates to nitrosamines- know carcinogens

Front 42

meat and cancer

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meat consumption increases risk of colon, rectum, prostate cancer

Front 43

high salt diet is associated with what type of cancer?

Back 43

gastric or stomach cancer

Front 44

alcohol is associated with what type of cancer?

Back 44

areodigestive cancers- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx

Front 45

phytochemicals

Back 45

in plant derived foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains
-reduce risk of cancer

Front 46

obesity

Back 46

an excess accumulation of body fat

Front 47

obesity for women

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greater than 30% body fat

Front 48

obesity for men

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greater than 25% body fat

Front 49

Disease associated with obesity (7)

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1. cardiovascular disease
2. diabetes mellitus
3. cholelitheiasis
4. cancer
5. hypertension
6. osteroarthritis
7. thrombosis

Front 50

What factor contributes to high carb diets increasing risk for cancer?

Back 50

caloric intake

Front 51

Effects of trans fats

Back 51

linked to coronary heart disease
increase LDL and decrease HDL

Front 52

Niacin effect on heart disease

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decrease risk by reducing serum cholesterol and triglycerides

Front 53

reccomended daily salt for adults

Back 53

no more than 6grams/day