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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease
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Structural or functional change within the body beyond normal variation
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Syndrome
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Constellation of findings commonly seen with more than one disease
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Etiology
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The cause of disease, may be intrinsic/genetic or acquired
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Pathogenesis
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Mechanism of development of disease, initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of disease, response of cells to etiologic agent
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Morphology
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Structure
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Three major catagories of disease
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1. Genetic and developmental
2. Acquired and inflammatory diseases 3. Neoplasia/hyperplasia |
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Morbidity
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Rate of incidence/prevalence disease.
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Incidence
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#of people newly diagnosed with disease in a given time/#of people in the population
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Prevalence
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#of people with the disease at a given time/#of people in the population
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Common causes of death in adults
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-heart disease 36%
-other 26% -cancer 22% -stroke 7% -COPD 4% -accidents 5% |
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What does a pathologist do?
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-analysis of body fluids and tissue for diagnostic purposes
-identify changes in gross or microscopic appearance of tissue (morphology) to diagnose disease -includes research related to fundamental aspects of the disease |
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Subdivisions of pathology
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Anatomic -tissue/biopsies (surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, hematopathology)
clinical -body fluids (microbiology, blood bank, chemistry, molecular pathology/cytogenetics) |
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Strategies pathologists use to diagnose disease
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surgical-biopsies and resections, immunohistochemistry:protein content of tissue, electron microscopy
cytopathology-pap smear, spinal tap hematopathology-CBC |
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CBC
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Complete blood count
RBC-size, shape, hemoglobin, hematocrit WBC-polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes Platelets-number, morphology |
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Microbiology
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bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, serology
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Chemistry
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Electrolytes-Na,K,Cl,Ca,Mg,CO2,HCO3,O2
Blood chemistry-BUN, creatinine, enzymes, lipids |
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Tissue vs. Organ
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Tissue is organized cells, organ is organized tissues
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Homeostasis
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Narrow range of physiologic parameters within which cells maintain the intracellular environment
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Cellular adaptation
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physiological-response of cell to normal stimulation (uterine enlargement during pregnancy)
pathological-in response to injury |
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Atrophy
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Shrinkage in cell size (Alzheimer's)
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size (Pregnancy)
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Hyperplasia
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Increse in cell number
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Metaplasia
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Reversible change in which one cell type is replaced by another (lining of lungs in response to smoking)
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Inflammation
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Protective response to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as necrotic cells/tissue resulting from the original insult. Leads to healing and repair at the sites of injury, beneficial host response.
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Phagocytosis
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Engulfment of a foreign body by cytoplasmic extensions of the phagosome
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Chemotaxis
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Migration of leukocytes to the site of injury along a chemical gradient
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Granulation tissue
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Tissue containing granulomas, which are areas of central necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, and giant cells
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Repair
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Removal of injury debris and formation of vascular network to support new tissue growth
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Regeneration
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Replacement of injured tissue with new tissue cells
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Causes of cell injury/adaptaation to injury
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Oxygen deprivation/hypoxia, chemical toxins, infectious agents, immunologic agents, genetic factors, nutritional imbalance, physical agents, aging
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Reversible cell injury
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Limited to cytoplasm (swelling and condensation of cytoplasm)
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Irreversible cell injury
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Involves the nucleus (condensation of nuclear material, breakage), cell membrane, and/or mitochondria (necrosis, apoptosis, manifestation injury: loss of cell function)
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Mechanism of acute inflammation
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vascular changes, cellular events
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