Pathology Exam 1

Front 1

What is pathology?

Back 1

The study of death and disease through gross and microscopic examination of organs, tissue and chemical analysis of body fluids.

Front 2

What are the 3 types of pathology?

Back 2

Anatomical, Clinical Forensic

Front 3

What are the 4 types of Anatomical pathology?

Back 3

Surgical, Autopsy, Cytopathology, hematology

Front 4

What is a death certificate?

Back 4

Legal document signed by a physician that gives the opinion on cause of death based on scientific evidence.

Front 5

What are some types of specimens for cytology?

Back 5

PAP, fine needle aspirates, effusions (from pleural cavity, pericardial sac, peritoneal), other fluids from urine or cysts, BAL, sputum

Front 6

What is the difference between cause of death, mechanism of death, manor of death?

Back 6

Cause: injury or disease leading to death (i.e. cancer, gsw to head), mechanism: physiological aspect that is incompatible with life (i.e. ischemia of heart muscle), manor: natural, homicide, etc.

Front 7

5 examples of "manors" of death?

Back 7

Natural, Homicide, Suicide, Accident, Undetermined, Cremated people

Front 8

What are some of the main modalities of disease?

Back 8

Inflammation/infection, Neoplastic (either benign or malignant), congenital/gentic, metabolic/chemical disorders (i.e. diabetes), degenerative (i.e. arthritis)

Front 9

What is "etiology?"

Back 9

Cause of disease

Front 10

What does pathogenesis mean?

Back 10

Sequence of events that lead to development of disease (i.e. H chol to CAD to CHF to angina to MI)

Front 11

What does sequelae mean?

Back 11

Outcome of the disease (i.e. inflammation can lead to a scar)

Front 12

What are some causes of cell injury or cell death?

Back 12

Hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents, infections, immunologic, genetic, nutritional issues, free radical damage

Front 13

When the stability of a cell cannot be maintained, what are some types of cell adaptation?

Back 13

Hypertrophy (increase in tissue mass due to increase in cell size), hyperplasia (increase in tissue mass due to increase in cell number), metaplasia (change from one tissue type to another), atrophy (decrease in tissue mass due to disuse)

Front 14

What are the five types of necrosis?

Back 14

Coagulative (seen in hypoxic environments), liquefaction necrosis (pus formation), fat necrosis (action of lipases on fatty tissues), caseous necrosis (TB patient, looks like cottage cheese), gangrenous necrosis (not enough blood to tissue)

Front 15

What are the four types of tissue that every cell in the body can be classified into?

Back 15

Epithelium, Muscle, Connective Nervous

Front 16

What are the 3 layers of the developing embryo?

Back 16

Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

Front 17

What main structures arise from the endoderm?

Back 17

Epi of resp tract, epi of GI, tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, liver, pancreas, bladder epi, ear and escutcheon tube

Front 18

What main structures arise from the ectoderm?

Back 18

Epi of skin, epidermis of gland structures, enamel of teeth, oral mucosa, CNS, PNS, sensory

Front 19

What main structures arise from the mesoderm?

Back 19

Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, kidneys, spleen, gonads, adrenal cortex

Front 20

What are the 4 broad areas lined by epithelium?

Back 20

Free surfaces (skin, lumen of GI, lining of body cavities), exocrine (many glands, sweat, breast glands, salivary), endocrine (adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid), linings (blood vessels, body cavities)

Front 21

What does the basement membrane do?

Back 21

Separates the epithelium from underlying soft tissue. Important barrier!

Front 22

What are the 4 classifying shapes of epithelial cells?

Back 22

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Front 23

What are the 3 types of layering of epithelial cells?

Back 23

Simple (1 layer), stratified, pseudostratified

Front 24

What are the 6 types of epithelium (combined shape and layer name)?

Back 24

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamos, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

Front 25

What are some types of simple squamos cells and their location?

Back 25

Pneumocytes, endothelium (cells that make up air spaces of lung, facilitate diffusion of materials across epithelium), endothelial cells (line blood and lymphatic vessels), mesothelial cells (lines body cavities or structures), endosteum (creates spaces in bone marrow), bowman's capsule in glomeruli of kidney.

Front 26

What are some types of simple cuboidal cells and their location?

Back 26

Many glands and ducts, cover the ovary, kidney tubules (secretions and linings), basic cell type of many glands (parotid, pancreas, liver, thyroid, glands of breast, sweat glands, kidney), surface of ovary, many ductal structures

Front 27

Where would simple columnar cells be located?

Back 27

GI tract, some ducts, gallbladder

Front 28

What is the function of simple columnar cells?

Back 28

Secretions and absorptions, some can have cilia (i.e. fallopian tube) to help with movement

Front 29

What is the function of stratified squamos cells?

Back 29

Protection from abrasion, foreign agents, dehydration

Front 30

Where would stratified squamous cells be located?

Back 30

Skin (only keratinized), oral mucosa lining, esophagus, rectum/anus, vagina, cervix

Front 31

Where would pseudostratified columnar cells be located?

Back 31

Respiratory epithelium, vas deferens (can be ciliated as in resp passages, eustachian)

Front 32

Where would transitional cells be located?

Back 32

Renal pelvis of kidney, urinary bladder, ureters

Front 33

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Back 33

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Front 34

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Back 34

Both

Front 35

How many nuclei are present in smooth muscle and are they central or peripheral?

Back 35

Multinucleated or single nuclei, located centrally

Front 36

How many nuclei are present in cardiac muscle and are they central or peripheral?

Back 36

Single or double, centrally located

Front 37

How many nuclei are present in skeletal muscle and are they central or peripheral?

Back 37

Multiple nuclei, located on periphery of muscle fibers

Front 38

Involuntary non-striated smooth muscles have a single nucleus. Where are they located?

Back 38

Throughout GI tract (peristalsis), bladder wall, uterus, scrotum, erector pili muscle

Front 39

What are the three classifications of connective tissue?

Back 39

Embryonic connective tissue, connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue

Front 40

What is the name of embryonic connective tissue?

Back 40

Mesenchyme

Front 41

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

Back 41

Loose connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

Front 42

What are the five types of specialized connective tissue?

Back 42

Dense regular connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, hematopoetic

Front 43

What are the three components of connective tissue?

Back 43

Cells, fibers, ground substance

Front 44

What are five types of connective tissue cells?

Back 44

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipose cells, blood and hematopoetic cells

Front 45

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

Back 45

Collagenous (resistant to stretching), elastic (allows for elasticity), reticular (provides framework for some organs)

Front 46

Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are proteins that help make up ground substance in connective tissue. What are the four types of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

Back 46

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate

Front 47

Where is dense regular connective tissue primarily found?

Back 47

Tendons and ligaments

Front 48

What are the three types of cartilage?

Back 48

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 49

Describe hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

Back 49

Firm and flexible, closely packed collagenous fibers in a "glassy" appearing matrix. Found in articular surfaces, costal cartilage, trachea rings

Front 50

Describe elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Back 50

Firm and elastic looser collagenous fibers with abundant elastic fibers. Found in ear and epiglottis

Front 51

Describe fibrocartilage and where is it found?

Back 51

Firm and compressible, somewhat regular arrangement of thick collagenous bundles. Found in intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, miniscus of knee

Front 52

What is bone?

Back 52

Collagenous fibers that have been mineralized

Front 53

What are the four general components of the nervous system?

Back 53

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, special receptors

Front 54

What are the two general types of cells of the nervous system?

Back 54

Neurons (nerve cells transmit impulses), neuroglia (supportive role for neurons)

Front 55

What are the five types of neuroglia and what do they do?

Back 55

Astrocytes (make up blood brain barrier), microglia (macrophages), oligodendrocytes (produce myelin in the CNS), Schwann cells (produce myelin in the PNS), ependymocytes (line ventricles and spinal cord)

Front 56

What are some of the more specific types of nerve cells?

Back 56

Motor neurons, sensory neurons, bipolar cells, interneurons, purkinnji cells