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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
neoplasm
"new growth" of cells typically called a tumor, which may be benign or malignant
benign tumor
not cancer! It's an uncontrolled growth of cells but it doesn't break up spread to other tissues
malignant tumor
Cancer! It's an uncontrolled growth of cells that will break up and spread to other tissues
metastasis
the spreading of malignant cells to other parts of the body and it is normally fatal if not controlled
carcinoma
a cancer that begins in the epithelial tissue
sarcoma
is a cancer that begins in connective tissue
carcinogens
chemicals
oncogenes
if mutated, can cause a cell to become cancerous
DNA repair genes
protect against cells becoming cancerous if mutated. Fixes damaged DNA
tumor suppression genes
shut down cancerous cell processes
anaerobic process called glycolysis
Normally cells break glucose into pyruvic acid in this process
aerobic
processes break down mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water
melanoma
black pigment begins in melanocytes
apoptosis
ability of the cell to commit suicide
antineoplastic agents
(chemotherapy)
to kill the isolated cells but drugs cannot reach most tumors in the brain
risk factor
something that increases the chances of a person having a specific disease
endogenous risk factors
involve the genetic make up of an individual that makes them susceptible to cancer. It cannot be changed
environmental risk factors
involve living conditions and life style causes of cancer that cannot be changed
Genetics
involves DNA codes for making proteins that are used to construct cells and direct cell activities and that can be reproduced and passed on to future generations of cells and to offspring
autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both male and female
sex chromosomes
one pair of chromosomes are different (X & Y) and determine the sex of the person
Karyotype
the complete chromosomal composition of a person
alleles
alternative forms of a gene
homozygous
if both chromosomes contain the same allele
heterozygous
if both chromosomes contain different alleles
dominant
the gene that is used
recessive
the gene that is not used
immune deficiency disease
failure of the immune system most often as a result of chronic illness and aging
congenital immune deficiency disease
immune deficiency that is present at birth
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
develops due to the HIV virus
Immunosuppressive drugs
used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs suppress the immune system
Aging
dramatically decreases the ability of the immune system to respond to new microorganisms
Autoimmunity
an attack by the immune system on the body's own tissues and it involves the loss of ability to distinguish self protein from foreign protein which also decreases with age
hypersensitivities
also known as allergic reactions. 4 types of responses by the immune system that harm rather than help the body
Type 1 hypersensitivity
involves a run away inflammatory response that spreads inflammation over such a wide area of the body that the skin turns red; tissue swell, at times interfering with breathing; and blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels leading to anaphylactic shock
Type 2 hypersensitivity
involves antibodies destroying foreign cells in such large numbers that the products of that destruction threaten the entire body.
Type 3 hypersensitivity
results when antibodies combine with antigens in large numbers and form immune complexes that accumulate in tissues and blood vessels causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
Type 4 hypersensitivity
results in a rash or raised weals on the skin or in other tissues. These are caused by T lymphocytes that release chemicals intended to destroy and invading microorganism but that destroys the surrounding surrounding tissues as well.