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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
neoplasm
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"new growth" of cells typically called a tumor, which may be benign or malignant
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benign tumor
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not cancer! It's an uncontrolled growth of cells but it doesn't break up spread to other tissues
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malignant tumor
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Cancer! It's an uncontrolled growth of cells that will break up and spread to other tissues
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metastasis
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the spreading of malignant cells to other parts of the body and it is normally fatal if not controlled
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carcinoma
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a cancer that begins in the epithelial tissue
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sarcoma
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is a cancer that begins in connective tissue
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carcinogens
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chemicals
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oncogenes
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if mutated, can cause a cell to become cancerous
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DNA repair genes
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protect against cells becoming cancerous if mutated. Fixes damaged DNA
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tumor suppression genes
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shut down cancerous cell processes
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anaerobic process called glycolysis
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Normally cells break glucose into pyruvic acid in this process
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aerobic
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processes break down mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water
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melanoma
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black pigment begins in melanocytes
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apoptosis
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ability of the cell to commit suicide
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antineoplastic agents
(chemotherapy) |
to kill the isolated cells but drugs cannot reach most tumors in the brain
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risk factor
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something that increases the chances of a person having a specific disease
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endogenous risk factors
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involve the genetic make up of an individual that makes them susceptible to cancer. It cannot be changed
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environmental risk factors
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involve living conditions and life style causes of cancer that cannot be changed
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Genetics
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involves DNA codes for making proteins that are used to construct cells and direct cell activities and that can be reproduced and passed on to future generations of cells and to offspring
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autosomes
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22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both male and female
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sex chromosomes
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one pair of chromosomes are different (X & Y) and determine the sex of the person
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Karyotype
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the complete chromosomal composition of a person
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alleles
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alternative forms of a gene
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homozygous
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if both chromosomes contain the same allele
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heterozygous
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if both chromosomes contain different alleles
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dominant
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the gene that is used
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recessive
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the gene that is not used
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immune deficiency disease
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failure of the immune system most often as a result of chronic illness and aging
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congenital immune deficiency disease
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immune deficiency that is present at birth
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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develops due to the HIV virus
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Immunosuppressive drugs
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used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs suppress the immune system
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Aging
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dramatically decreases the ability of the immune system to respond to new microorganisms
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Autoimmunity
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an attack by the immune system on the body's own tissues and it involves the loss of ability to distinguish self protein from foreign protein which also decreases with age
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hypersensitivities
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also known as allergic reactions. 4 types of responses by the immune system that harm rather than help the body
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Type 1 hypersensitivity
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involves a run away inflammatory response that spreads inflammation over such a wide area of the body that the skin turns red; tissue swell, at times interfering with breathing; and blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels leading to anaphylactic shock
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Type 2 hypersensitivity
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involves antibodies destroying foreign cells in such large numbers that the products of that destruction threaten the entire body.
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Type 3 hypersensitivity
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results when antibodies combine with antigens in large numbers and form immune complexes that accumulate in tissues and blood vessels causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
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Type 4 hypersensitivity
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results in a rash or raised weals on the skin or in other tissues. These are caused by T lymphocytes that release chemicals intended to destroy and invading microorganism but that destroys the surrounding surrounding tissues as well.
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