Pathology - Class 1

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Pathology

Back 1

Study of the characteristics, causes and effects of disease

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Disease

Back 2

Any abnormal change in the structure or function within the body

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Pathogenesis

Back 3

The sequence of events that renders the disease apparent; the source or cause

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Manifestation

Back 4

observed changes due to disease

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Symptoms

Back 5

Subjective - what the patient experiences; perception of what is happening

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Signs

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Objective - What someone else observes; detectable

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Syndrome

Back 7

A group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormality; a cluster of findings

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Asymptomatic

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Not producing symptoms

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Etiology

Back 9

Study of the causes of diseases

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Nosocomial

Back 10

Infections acquired within the medical environment

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Iatrogenic

Back 11

Adverse response from medical treatment

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Idiopathic

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Diseases of unknown causes

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Chronic

Back 13

Longer term

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Acute

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Shorter term - quick onset

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Diagnosis

Back 15

What the disease is

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Prognosis

Back 16

Predicted outcome of a disease

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Procedure

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A process to try to come up with an answer

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Test

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Gets a difinitive diagnosis/answer

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Subtractive

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Lytic or destructive disease; decreases normal tissue density - requires a decrease in technique (osteoporosis, atrophy)

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Additive or sclerotic disease

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Increases normal tissue density; Required an increase in technique (acromegaly, osteopetrosis)

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Epidemiology

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Investigation of disease in large populations

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Prevalence

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Number of cases found in a given poplulation

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Incidence

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Number of new cases found in a given time period

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Endemic

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Prevalent in a community or group

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Mortality Rate

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Number of deaths caused by a disease averaged over a population

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Morbidity Rate

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Incidence of illness sufficient enough to interfere with normal daily routine; disability due to illness

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Congenital

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Diseases, anomalies, deformities that are present at birth caused by abnormalities in genetic makeup or environmental factors; failure of development during the embryonic stage due to intruterine injury

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Hemophilia

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Clotting disorder

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Muscular dystrophy

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Progressive degeneration of muscle - passed from mother to son

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Cystic fibrosis

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Hereditary metabolic disorder of the exocrine system

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Achondroplasia

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(Dwarfism) - most common reason for dwarfism

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Inflammatory Disease

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Reaction to injurious agent
-Infective disease
-Toxic disease
-Allergic disease
-Autoimmue diseases

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Transudate

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Thin, watery fluid

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Exudate

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Fluid, cells or other substances that have been slowly exuded or discharged from cells or blood vessels; oozing, thick, protein

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Congestion

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Build up of fluid due to capillary filling; dilation of vessels in order to increase blood supply to area

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Phagocytosis

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Leukocytes attack cellular debris and clean the site

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Infection

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Inflammatory response to disease-causing organism

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Virulence

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Ease with which an organism can overcome body defenses

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Repair

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Attempt to return the body to normal

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Regeneration

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Normal function restored - migration of adjacent cells and replication via mitosis to fill the void - process by which damaged tissues are replaced by new tissues that are essentially identical to those replaced.

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Remodeling

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Last phase of healing; granulation tissue: scar tissue (adhesions) - normal function is not restored

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Degenerative Disease

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Deterioration of the body - associated with aging or traumatic injury

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Degeneration diseases

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Atherosclerosis
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis

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Metabolic Disease

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Diseases caused by a disturbance in normal physiologic function - ex. Endocrine disorders and fluid/electrolyte balance disorders

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Traumatic Disease

Back 45

-Mechanical forces (twisting, crushing)
-Ionizing radiation
-Extreme hot and cold
-Atmospheric pressure

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Neoplastic Disease

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New, abnormal tissue growth

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Lesion

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Many types of cellular changes in response to disease

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Benign Neoplasm

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-Localized and slow growing
-Usually encapsulated
-Non-invasive
-Space occupying

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Malignant Neoplasm

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-Cancerous
-Occurs in multiple sites
-Invasive to tissue
-Reactive to tissue
-Grows rapidly and spreads to other sites (metastasis)

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Hematogenous spread

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Spreads in the bloodstream

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Lymphatic spread

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Spreads through the Lymph system

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Differentiated cells

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Little difference in the cells to the original cells - low chance of malignancy

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Undifferentiated

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Atypical characteristics - high probability of malignancy

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Carcinoma

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Derived from epithelial tissue

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Sarcoma

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Derived from connective tissue

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Leukemias and Lymphomas

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Blood and lymph cells

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Anaplasia

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Absence of tumor cell differentiation, loss of cellular organization

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Dysplasia

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Abnormal changes in mature cells; also termed atypical hyperplasia

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Metaplasia

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Abnormal transformation of a specific differentiated cell into a differentiated cell of another type