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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Effusion
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fluid in cavities
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anasarca
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severe generalized edema, esp of subq tissue
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dependent edema
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distribution by gravity
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pitting edema
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fingerprints leave depression
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transudate
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fluid of low protein content
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exudate
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fluid of high protein content
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ascites
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excessive peritoneal fluid
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hydrothorax
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excessive pleural fluid
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hydrarthrosis
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excessive joint fluid
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hyperemia
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increased blood volume in vascular space of organ
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hemorrhage
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flow of blood out of vascular compartment
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petechiae
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minute hemorrhages of skin, mucus mem, serosal surfaces
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purpura
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slightly larger hemorrhage of surfaces
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ecchymosis
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large hemorrhages of surfaces (bruising)
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hematoma
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pool of extravascular blood trapped in tissues
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hematemesis
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vomiting blood
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hemaptysis
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coughing up blood
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melena
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evacuation of tar-like stools of altered blood
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anemia
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reduction in number or volume of RBCs per unit volume of blood
causes- decreased production and/or increased loss of RBCs |
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ischemia
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partial to complete reduction of blood supply, resulting in hypoxia or anoxia
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infarct
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focus of necrosis resulting from ischemia
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factors affecting development of infarct
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1) supply of blood and oxygen
2) vascular patterm 3) rate of decrease of blood flow 4) tissue vulnerability (ability to do glycolysis) |
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mechanisms of edema
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1) insufficient serum protein
2) increased hydrostatic pressure 3) obstruction of lymphatics 4) increased permeability of blood capillaries |
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active hyperemia
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increased inflow of blood into vascular space
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passive hyperemia
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decreased outflow of blood from vascular space
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congestive heart failure
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Backward Failure
1) RV fails to empty systemic veins- dialted RV, systemic edema, effusions 2) LV fails to empty pulmonic veins- dilated LV, pulmonary edema |
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thrombosis
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activation of clotting mechanisms within cardiovascular system
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Virchow's Triad- causes of thrombosis
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1) vessel wall injury (inflammation, anatomic alterations, trauma)
2) increased blood coagulability (increase in platelets, stickier platelets, clotting cascade more labile) 3) decreased blood flow (stasis) (phlebothrombosis) |
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ventricular mural thrombosis
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follows MI- due to endocardial injury or decreased flow
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Thrombosis on heart valves
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due to endothelial injury or hypercoagulable platelets and clotting factors
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phlebothrombosis
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complication of immobilization and decreased venous flow (following surgery)
- stasis and hypercoaguability |
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thrombophlebitis
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venous thrombosis in which inflammation of vein wall plays primary role
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embolus
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clot in blood stream
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pulmonary thromboemboli
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form in systemic veins, travel to pulmonary arteries
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systemic thromboemboli
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most come from left ventricle or atrium, also from mitral or aortic valves
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atheromatous emboli
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from plaques in the aorta or its branches that may cause cerebral infarcts
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fat and bone marrow emboli
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from trauma
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O2 and nutrient supply determined by these 3 factors
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1) CO
2) amount of Hb 3) arterial O2 saturation |
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PRimary hemostatic plug
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platelets to vessel wall and other platelets
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secondary hemostatic plug
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stabalization of primary plug by generation of fibrin from plasma proteins
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vWF
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1) binds subendothelial collagen and causes conformational, then binds platelet GPIb
2) protects F8 from cleavage 3) binds platelet GPIIb/IIIa for aggregation |
