Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Most common cause of cellular injury
|
Hypoxia
-specifically ischemia due to loss of blood |
|
|
What are the irreversible changes of cellular injury
|
Apoptosis
Necrosis |
|
|
Protective Factors against free radicals
|
Antioxidants --> vit. A, E, C
Superoxide dismutase -superoxide --> H202 Glutathione peroxidase -hydroxyl ions or H202 --> H20 Catalase -H202 --> O2 and H20 |
|
|
What is the important point where cellular injury changes from reversible to irreversible?
|
Calcium influx!!
-causes problems because calcium is a 2nd messenger that activated a wide spectrum of enzymes (proteases, ATPases, phospholipases, endonucleases) |
|
|
What is cytochrome C?
|
Trigger for apoptosis
|
|
|
Is clumping of nuclear chromatin reversible or irreversible?
|
REVERSIBLE!!
|
|
|
Is severe membrane damage reversible or irreversible?
|
IRREVERSIBLE!!
|
|
|
What is the result of decreased activity of the Na/K ATPase pump?
|
Influx of Na and efflux of K
-cell swelling -ER swelling -loss of microvilli -membrane blebs |
|
|
What is the result of increased glycolysis?
|
Decreased glycogen
Increased lactic acid -decreases pH --> clumping of nuclear chromatin |
|
|
What is the difference in the nucleus between fatty change and hydropic change?
|
Fatty change --> nucleus is pushed to the side
Hydropic change --> nucleus is in a vacuole |
|
|
What intracellular enzymes can be measured in:
MI Hepatitis Pancreatitis Biliary tract obstruction |
MI: troponin is the main one
Hepatitis: transaminanses Pancreatitis: amylase and lipase Biliary tract obstruction: alkaline phosphatase |
|
|
What are:
Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis |
Pyknosis: degernation and condenstion of nuclear chromatin
-typically seen w/ apoptosis Karyorrhexis: nuclear fragmentation Karyolysis: dissolution of the nucleus |
|
|
Which has an inflammatory response associated with it:
Apoptosis or Necrosis |
NECROSIS!
|
|
|
Most common form of necrosis
Loss of nucleus but preservation of cell shape Most often due to ischemic infarct |
Coagulative necrosis
|
|
|
Results from cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes
Occurs in abscesses, brain infarcts and pancreatic necrosis |
Liquefactive necrosis
|
|
|
Combo of coagultive and liquefactive necrosis
soft, friable, cottage cheese like characteristic of granulomatous disease (TB) |
Caseous necrosis
(type IV hypersensitivity rxn) |
|
|
caused by lipases on adipocytes
chalky white apperance can be enzymatic or traumatic |
Fat necrosis
|
|
|
Form of necrotic CT that resembles fibrin
eosinophilic homogenous appearance often due to type III hypersensitivity rxn |
Fibrinoid necrosis
|
|
|
Gangrenous necrosis
|
term used to describe dead tissue
--dry gangrene --> coagulative necrosis -wet gangrene --> liquefactive necrosis |
|
|
What gene inhibits apoptosis?
|
bcl-2
-prevents release of cytochrome C from mitochondria and binds pro-apoptotic protease activating factor (Apaf-1) |
|
|
What gene stimulates apoptosis?
|
p53
-elevated by DNA injury and arrests the cell cycle |
|
|
If DNA repair is impossible...
|
p53 stimulates apoptosis
|
|
|
Councilman body
|
Round, eosinophilic, extracellular
APOPTOSIS |
|
|
What is atrophy?
|
decrease in cell/organ size and functional ability
small shrunken cells with lipofuschin granules |
|
|
Define hypertrophy
|
increase in cell size
|
|
|
Name a physiologic and pathologic cause of hypertrophy
|
Physiologic: gravid uterus
Pathologic: cardiac muscle in hypertension -nuclei are square/box shaped |
|
|
Define hyperplasia
|
increase in # of cells
-increased DNA synthesis and cell division |
|
|
Important pathologic cause of hyperplasia
|
endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
Define metaplasia
|
reversible change of one cell type to another
|
|
|
What is Barrett's esophagus an example of?
|
Metaplasia
-change from sqamous epithelium to columnar |
|
|
Define dysplasia
|
abnormal prolif of cells characterized by:
changes in cell shape and size loss of cellular organization May progress to cancer |
|
|
Lipofuscin
|
Wear and Tear pigment
-perinuclear yellow-brown Due to indigestible materal within lysosomes Common in liver and heart |
|
|
What is the difference between hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis
|
Hemosiderosis: increase in total body iron stores W/O tissue injury
Hemochromatosis: increase in total body iron stores WITH tissue injury -can lead to cirrhosis |
|
|
What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?
|
Dystrophic: precipiation of calcium phosphate in dying or necrotic tissue
-normal serum Ca levels Metastatic: precipitation of calcium phosphate in normal tissue due to HYPERCALCEMIA |
|
|
What are the causes of hypercalcemia
CHIMP |
Cancer (squamous cell ca. of the lung)
Hyperparathyroidism Intoxication of vitamin D Milk, Multiple Myeloma Paget's disease Sarcoidosis |
