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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a danger of anorexia nervosa or weight loss?
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Osteoperosis
decrease levels of estrogen |
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What is Boerhaave's syndrome
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Rupture of Stomach or distal esophagus.
**Air can move to the mediastinum and if you listen with a scope you can hear crunching** |
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What is most common cause of blindness in USA
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Diabetes
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where does Vita D go through the second hydroxylation step at in the liver
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Proximal convuluted tubule
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What happens when PTH binds to the receptor of a osteoblast
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osteoblast releases IL-1 ***osteoclast activiating factor***
Estrogen and testosterone inhibits IL-1 |
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what is the problem with Vitamin D production when any drug that is given Induces CYP450 system
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Decreases the amount of 25-hydroxy-vita-D in the liver
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What is always increased that is produced on the smooth ER when the liver is revved up due to Inducers
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Gamma Glutamyl-Transferase
***main marker to look for in an alcoholic*** |
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What is the most common cause of Vita-E deficiency
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Chronic Fat Malabsorption
**cystic fibrosis** |
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A vitamin E deficiency causes what
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Hemolytic Anemia
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What is the Toxicity of Vita -E
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Causes anti coagulation Vita-K
2,7,9,10 protein C,S |
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What is Vita-K responsible for
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Activates Vita-k dependent pathways
Co Enzyme for Factor 2, 7, 9, 10 protein C and S |
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how do the Vita-K dependent Cofactors actually work
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They Gamma-carboxylate the glutamic acid residues that allows calcium to bind to form a clot.
**if calcium cannot grab= cannot form clot** |
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What does Warfarin do
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Binds epoxide reductase keeping Vita-K in its K2 state and nonfunctional
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How does Heparin work
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It enhances Anti-thrombin III can causes immediate anti-coagulation
**warfarin just inhibits further G-carboxylate activity... does nothing to reverse what has already been done** |
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What factors are in extrensic system for clotting
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VII
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what factors does PT measure
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7, 10, 5, 2, 1
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What is the complication with Excess Vitamin C
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renal stones
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What three enzymes Need Thiamine B1 as a co-factor
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1. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2. alpha -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction 3. alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex |
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What is the First Step in Making Herme
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Glycine+Succynal-CoA + ****B6****
B6 is needed to make heme |
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What is the CoFactor used in Transamination
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B6
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What Does the B6 dependent transaminase do?
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Converts Alanine to Pyruvate
and Aspartate to Oxaloacetate |
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What neurotransmitters require B6 as a coenzyme
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GABA
Serotonin NE |
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What is biotin used for
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Is a Co-Factor to make oxaloacetate from pyruvate VIA pyruvate decarboxylase
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What happens when you biotin deficient
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rash and **hair loss**
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What is chromium picolonate used for
symptoms if deficient |
enhances insulin fxn
glucose intolerance peripheral neuropathy |
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What is the main fxn of Copper
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Used as a cofactor in
**lysyl Oxidase** Links collagen to increase tensile strength |
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What are the symptoms of fluoride excess
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mottled teeth
calcification of tendons attaching to bones |
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What is the fxn of Selenium
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used as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
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What is the problem with Zinc deficiency
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dysgeusia: decreased taste sensation poor wound healing
rash around the eyes/mouth |
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What are the 4 APUD tumors that are S100 positive
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Derived from neural crest
1. small-cell carcinoma of lung 2. carcinoid tumors 3. melanoma 4. neuroblastoma |
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What is a choristomas
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it is Gastric tissue/pancreatic tissue in a meckles diverticulum
or pancreatic tissue in the stomach |
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What are the 3 main steps for oncogenesis
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initiation
Promotion Progression |
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What are examples of protooncogenes for synthesis
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SIS
ERB2 Neu (HER2) Makes Recptors |
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What are examples of proto-oncogenes for signal transduction
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RAS
ABL |
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What are examples of proto-oncogenes that synthesise nuclear transcription factors
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myc
N-myc |
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Pathogenesis of CML
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TRANSlocation of 19:22
of abl gene next to the bcr gene called the philidelphia gene |
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Pathogenesis of Burketts lymphoma
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Translocation of 8;14
myc |
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BRCA2
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= male/female BREAST CANCER
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whats the Viral carcinogen related to primary CNS lymphoma
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HIV
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Whats the Viral carcinogen related to Burketts lymphoma
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EBV
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Whats the Viral carcinogen related to Adult T-cell leukemia
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HTLV-1
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Whats the Viral carcinogen related to hairy cell leukemia
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HTLV-2
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Whats the Viral carcinogen related to Nasopharyngeal carciooma
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EBV
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What is a bacteria that caues cancer
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H.pylori
causes adenocarcinoma of the stomach |
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What is a parasite that caueses cancer
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Schistasoma hematobium
causes bladder cancer |
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What causes squamous cancer of the anus and cervix
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HPV 16, 18
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nontender nodular masses in the head and neck is what
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papillary carcinoma
due to radiation |
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What is the most important host defense cell against tumors
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CD8 cytotoxic cell
looks for altered MHC 1 activates and tells cell to undergo apoptosis |
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Eaton-Lambert syndrome
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myasthenia gravis-like syndrome associated with small cell
carcinoma of the lung |
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Sweet syndrome
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fever, neutrophilic leukocytosis, red papular rash associated with acute leukemia
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Skin lesions associated wlth gastric adenocarcinoma
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Leser-Trelat sign - multiple outcroppings of pigmented seborrheic keratoseis
acantbosls nigricans |
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superficial migratory thrombopblebltis is associated with what
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pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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dermatomyositis- increased incidence of
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primary lung and breast cancer
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Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis is associated with what
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Nephrotic syndrome
colorectal Hodgkin's disease |
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sterile marantic vegetations on cardiac valves
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mucous secreting pancreatic or colorectal cancers
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hyponatremia (ADH) or ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ACTH) is associated with what
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Small cell cancer of the lung
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hypocalcemia (calcitonin) or hypercortisolism (ACTH) is caused by what
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medullary carcinoma of tbe thyroid
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increase in alpha - fetoprotein (AFP)
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hepatocellular carcinoma
endodermal (yolk sac) tumors |
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increase in alpha-antitrypsin
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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tumor markers for testicular cancers
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AFP: yolk sac tumor
B-hCG: choriocarcinoma |
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tumor markers for multiple myeloma
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Bence Jone's protein (light chains in the urine from Ig)
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tumor markers for small cell carcinoma of the lung
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carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) bombesin
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tumor markers for breast cancer
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CA 15-3
CEA |
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tumor markers for pancreatic carcinoma
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CA 19-9
CEA |
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enzyme elevated in malignant Iymphomas
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lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
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MOA of methotrexate
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inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in folate metabolism
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MOA of 5-FU
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Pyrimidine antagonist
Blocks the formation of thymidylic acid by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase **Effective throughout cell cycle** |
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MOA of 6-mercaptopurine
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Purine analog that blocks purine synthesis
**decrease dose if pt is on allopurinal. its a xanthane oxidase inhibitor** |
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MOA of Cytarabine
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Pyrimidine antagonist
Blocks DNA and RNA in S-phase |
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2-chlorodeoxyadenosine
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Purine antagonist that resists degredation my adenosine deaminase
**TX for hairy cell leukemia |
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MOA of hydroxyurea
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anti-metabolite that inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which converts ribonucleotides to
deoxyribonucleotides **main TX for CML** |
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MOA of Bleomycin
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Blows up DNA by making free radicals and inhibits DNA ligase involved in DNA repair
***best used during G1 phase*** |
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MOA of Dactinomycin
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interferes with DNA synthesis by intercalating between DNA base pairs leading to the formation of FRs that break the DNA strand
**most effective in S phase** |
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MOA of etoposide
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Plant alkaloid that inhibits topoisomerases
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MOA of paclitaxel
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Binds to microtubules during M-phase and stops them from breaking down (freezes them in M-phase)
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MOA of vincristine/ vinblastine
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Vinca alkaloids that disrupt the microtubules in the mitotic spindle.
Stops cell division |
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What is the MOA of alkylating agents
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Alkylation primarily leads to breakage of DNA strands and cross-linking, which inhibits strand replication
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What are 6 alkylating agents
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cyclophosphamide
Mechlormethamine Busulfan Cisplatin Thiotepa Streptozocin |
