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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Air Pathway Anatomy |
-nasal cavity -pharynx -larynx -trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -alveoli |
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Bronchial Artery |
supplies lungs with oxygenated blood |
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Bronchial Vein |
carries waste products away from lungs |
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Pulmonary Artery |
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs |
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Pulmonary Vein |
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
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Vital Capacity |
-volume of air that is measured during a slow, maximal expiration after a maximal inspiration -normal range varies with age, gender, and body size |
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Inspiratory Capacity |
largest volume of air that can be inhaled from resting expiratory volume |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
maximal volume of air that can be expired after a normal inspiration |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume |
largest volume of air exhaled from resting end-expiratory level |
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Functional Residual Capacity |
volume of air remaining in lungs at resting end-expiratory level |
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Residual Volume |
volume of air contained in lungs at end of maximal expiration |
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Total Lung Capacity |
volume of air contained in lungs after maximal inspiration |
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Tidal Volume |
-volume of air inhaled and exhaled during each respiratory cycle -normal range: 400-700 mL |
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Respiratory Rate |
-frequency of breathing is number of breaths per minute -normal range: 10-20 |
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Respiratory Acidosis |
-excessive accumulation of CO2 in the blood -most commonly occurs during hypoventilation |
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Respiratory Alkalosis |
-when the lungs excrete excessive amounts of CO2 -most commonly occurs during hyperventilation |
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Muscle Actions during Inhalation |
-active event -diaphragm contracts and flattens floor of the thoracic cavity (75%) -external intercostal contractions elevate ribs (25%) -thoracic cavity volume is increased and air flows into the lungs |
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Muscle Actions during Exhalation |
-in a passive event, there is an elastic recoil of the lungs and rib cage -in an active event, internal intercostals and transversus thoracis depress the ribs & ab muscles assist by compressing abdomen and forcing diaphragm upward into resting position |
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Accessory Respiratory Muscles |
-assist, but don't play primary role, in breathing -internal intercostals -SCM -pectoralis minor -scalenes -transverse abdominis -trapezius |
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Hypoxemia |
deficient oxygenation of arterial blood |
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Hypoxia |
broad term meaning diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues |
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Hypercapnia |
presence of abnormally large amounts of CO2 in the blood which corresponds with abnormally low amounts of oxygen in the blood |
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Pleural Pain |
-usually localized in the substernal or chest region including the anterior aspect of the chest, side, or back -can also radiate to the neck, upper trap, costal margins, thoracic area of the back, scapulae, or shoulder |
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Friction Rub |
-audible, medical sign found by use of a stethoscope -caused by pleural linings rubbing together -common in patients with pleurisy and other lung conditions |
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Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease |
-dry cough: tumor, congestion, allergies -wet cough: infection -hemoptysis: infection, inflammation, abscess, tumor, or infarction -dyspnea -clubbing |
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Respiratory Diagnostic Tests |
-spirometry
-arterial blood gases and pH -oximeters -radiography -bronchoscopy -cultures and sensitivity tests |
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Common Respiratory Medications |
-decongestants vasoconstrict nasal mucosa -expectorants thin respiratory secretions -antitussives reduce cough reflex -antihistamines reduce allergic response -analgesics reduce pain -antimicrobial fight infection -bronchodilators open bronchioles -glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory and antiallergenic |
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Clinical Concerns of Epistaxis |
-can be caused by liver disease, kidney disease, CHF, among others -certain anticoagulant medications |
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Epistaxis First Aid |
-mild: apply direct, constant pressure on either side of nose for 5-10 minutes -persistent: treat with local app of epinephrine followed by cauterization or nasal packing -severe: surgical ligation of bleeding artery |
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Atelectasis Categories |
-compressive: air (pneumothorax), blood (hemothorax), or fluid (hydrothorax)
-obstructive: obstruction in bronchial tree, mucous plug, foreign object, or bronchogenic cancer -absorptive: insufficient surfactant, inhalation of anesthesia, high concentrations of oxygen, aspiration or smoke inhalation |
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Atelectasis Symptoms |
-decreased breath sounds -dyspnea -decreased chest movement -tachycardia -elevated temperature |
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Atelectasis |
airless or collapsed state of any pulmonary tissue involving all or part of the lung |
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Pleural Effusion |
buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest |
