Pathology Chapter 1 Flashcards- Cellular Biology

Front 1

Name the 8 cellular functions

Back 1

1. Movement
2. Conductivith
3. Metabolic absorption
4. Secretion
5. Excretion
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
8. Communication

Front 2

Cell movement

Back 2

- Muscle cells produce movement by contraction and relaxation
- Attached to bone- limb movement
-Enclosing hollow tubes- move or empty contents when they contract

Front 3

Cell Conductivity

Back 3

-Chief function of nerve cells
-Manifested by an electric potential in response to some stimulus.

Front 4

Cell Metabolic Absorption

Back 4

-All Cells
-Cells take in and process nutrients and other substances.

Front 5

Cell Secretion

Back 5

-Only certain cells
-Cells can make new substances to use all over the body to serve as needed
-Different cells secrete different things

Front 6

Cell Excretion

Back 6

-All cells
-Rid cell of waste prodicts resulting from metabolic breakdown of nutrients.
-Lysosomes(membrane-bound sacs) within cells contain enzymes that break down/digest large molecules, turn them into waste products, and release them from the cell

Front 7

Cell Respiration

Back 7

-All Cells
-The cell can absorb oxygen to create ATP
-Cellular respiration-oxidation- occurs in the mitochondria
-cells absorb O2, used to transform nutrients into E in the form of ATP.

Front 8

Cell Reproduction

Back 8

- Not all cells are capable of continuous division & some cells cannot reproduce
-Nerve cells are an ex. of cells that cannot reproduce
-Several types of cells can grow and reproduce themselves, new cells are needed to replace cells that die.
-Skin cells constantly reproduce
-Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves
-Tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death

Front 9

Cell communication

Back 9

-Equilibrium is maintained only through cellular interaction and communication.
-Communication happens through protein channels
-Vital for survival of a society of cells
-At point where communication breaks down,that's where disease occurs

Front 10

Nucleus- Structure

Back 10

-Largest membrane-bound organelle
-Two membranes compose the nuclear envelope (outer membrane is continuous with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum). They enclose the fluid-filled interior of the nucleus- nucleoplasm.
-Contains a nucleolus
-Contains most of cellular DNA and histones (DNA-binding proteins that cause the long DNA chain to fold into chromosomes)

Front 11

Nucleus Function

Back 11

-Cell division
-Control of genetic information
-Replication and repair of DNA
-Transcription of info stored in DNA(transcribed into RNA and eventually introduced into cytoplasm where it directs cellular activities)
-Processing of RNA occurs in nucleolus

Front 12

Ribosomes

Back 12

-RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
-Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

Front 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 13

-A network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane
-Synthesizes and transports protein and lipid components of most organelles

Front 14

Golgi complex

Back 14

-A network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus
-Processes and packages proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to different destinations

Front 15

Lysosomes

Back 15

-Saclike structures, originate in Golgi complex
-Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances down to their basic form (Amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars)
-Cell injury leads to release lysosomal enzymes that cause cellular self-destruction

Front 16

Peroxisomes

Back 16

-Similar to lysosomes but contain enzymes that produce of use hydrogen peroxide
-Detoxify harmful substances

Front 17

Mitochondria

Back 17

-Cellular energy metabolism
-Enzymes of respiratory chain/electron transport chain generate most of cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
-Has a role in osmotic regulation
-Role in pH control
-Role in calcium homeostasis
-Role in cell signaling

Front 18

Cytoskeleton

Back 18

-"Bone and muscle" of the cell
-Composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
-Forms cell extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella)

Front 19

Caveolae

Back 19

-Tiny indentations (caves) that can capture extracellular material and shuttle it inside the cell or across the cell

Front 20

Vaults

Back 20

-Cytoplasm ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels
-Thought to act as "trunks", shuttling molecules from nucleus to elsewhere in the cell.

Front 21

Movement of water and solutes in membrane transport

Back 21

-Water and solutes diffuse across the membrane
-Solutes- small particles of dissolved substances
-Ex. of solutes: O2, CO2, urea, and other lipid-soluble particles.
-Electrolyyes are 95% of the solute molecules in body water.
-Larger molecules such as albumin and globulins do not readily pass without assistance, need carriers. These exert an osmotic effect on the movement of water.

Front 22

Diffusion

Back 22

-Movement of solute molecules from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration- down conc. gradient until equilibrium is reached.
-Rate is related to particle size and weight.
-Ex. O2, N, CO2

Front 23

Osmosis

Back 23

-Movement of water down a concentration gradient, across a semipermeable membrane.
-For osmosis to occur: 1) The membrane must be more permeable to water than to solutes, and 2) the concentration of solutes must be greater so that water moves more easily.
-Rate is not related to particle size or weight, but to hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration.

Front 24

Pattern formation

Back 24

-Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems...etc
-To form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular recognition and communication, adhesion, and memory.

Front 25

Types of tissues

Back 25

1. Nerve
2. Epithelial
3. Connective
4. Muscle