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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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History of increasing numbers of of multiple benign skin nodules. Firm nodules .5 to 1 cm, subcutaneous. Numerous 1-5 cm pigmented skin lesions. Hamartomatous nodules on the iris. One skin nodules shows a neoplasm attached to a peripheral nerve. What does this patient have?
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Neurofibromatosis type 1. The NF1 gene normally deactivates RAS
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How do phorbol esters cause tumor promotion
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By activating protein kinase C
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What would be the difference between hyperplasia of colonic mucosa and a tubular adenoma
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A true neoplasm is a monoclonal proliferation of cells, whereas a reactive proliferation is not monoclonal
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What happens to approximately 1% of patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1
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T-cell leukemia
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Increased expression of ERBB2 (HER2) can lead to what type of cancer
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Breast cancer. At least one third of breast cancers show increased expression of this gene
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What type of cancer is seen in a BCR-ABL fusion
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Chronic myeloid leukemia
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What is a feature of the MYC protooncogene
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Transcriptional activation
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Microsatellite instability occurs with mutations in genes, such as hMSH2, that repair DNA damage. What does this commonly lead to
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
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How is the grading scale measured
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Denoted from I-III or I-IV, and increase with worse differentiation (more anaplasia). Grading does not measure presence of metastases
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What gene is likely affected by a chromosomal t(14;18) translocation
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BCL2 antiapoptosis gene
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How is carcinoma in situ identified
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It is confined to the epithelium; the basement membrane has not been breached
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What is vinyl chloride exposure linked to
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Angiosarcomas of the liver
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Familial breast cancer is linked to what gene
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Approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancers are familial, and 80% of these genes are linked to mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. They are involved in DNA repair
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What does the protease cathepsin D stain for
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Cathepsin D is a cysteine proteinase that cleaves a variety of substrates such as fibronectin and laminin. High levels of this enzyme in tumor cells are associated with greater invasiveness
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What does detection of alpha-Fetoprotein indicate
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Alpha-Fetoprotein is a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinomas and some testicular carcinomas
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Small cell anaplastic carcinoma is usually found where
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The lung
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What is typically associated with pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas
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Hypercalcemia from a parathormone-related peptide
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What is associated with renal cell carcinoma
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Etythropoietin production with polycythemia
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Where does a nevus arise
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The skin
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What is a choristoma
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A benign mass composed of tissues not found at the site of origin
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What is a hemangioma
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A common benign lesion of the skin
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A mutated APC gene will lead to what
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Sporadic colon cancers and in familial polyposis coli
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What is cadmium exposure linked to
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Prostate cancer
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Arsenic exposure can cause what
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Skin cancer
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What do patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma inherit
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One defective copy of mismatch repair genes
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When is the MYC oncogene commonly activated
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Burkitt lymphoma, because of a t(8;14) translocation
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How are chemokine receptors connected to cancer
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There is increasing evidence that localization of cancer metastases is influenced by the expression of chemokine receptors by cancer cells and elaboration of theri ligands (chemokines) by certain tissues
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Primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases carry an increased rick of what
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Neoplasia, particularly lymphomas
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What does a high alkaline phosphatase concentration in a patient with prostate cancer suggest
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There are metastases to bone
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