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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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disorder caused by the abnormality in the genetic makeup (genes and chromosomes) of an individual and transmitted from parent to offspring through the egg or sperm
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Inherited disorders
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A failure or disturbance that occurs during processes may result in lack, excess, or deformity of a body part. What is this called?
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developmental disorder
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What is a disorder present at birth?
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congenital disorder (can be inherited or developmental)
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Most of the developments of the face are completed by the end of what week of embryonic life?
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8th week
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What are the four muscles of mastication?
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L. Pterygoid,
M. Pterygoid masseter temporalis |
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The muscles of mastication develop from which pharyngeal arch?
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1st
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What are the muscles of mastication responsible for doing?
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elevating
retruding lateral movement of the mandible |
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What is the nerve innervation to the muscles of mastication from?
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Nerve of the first arch, cranial nerve V, third branch (Trigeminal, mandibular nerve)
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What is another name for tooth developement?
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Odontogenesis
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In the human embryo tooth development takes place at about what week of embryonic life?
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fifth week
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Odontogenesis begins with the formation of a band of ectoderm in each jaw called the what?
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primary dental lamina
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What three parts is the tooth germ comprised of?
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1) enamel organ
2) the dental papilla 3) the dental sac or follicle |
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The enamel organ develops from?
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ectoderm
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The dental papilla and dental sac or follicle develop from what?
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mesenchyme
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What forms enamel?
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ectoderm
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In the dental papilla odontoblasts are produced to form what?
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dentin
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Formation of dental hard tissues occurs during what month of gestation?
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fifth month
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What is the first mineralized tooth tissue to appear?
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dentin
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Dentinogenesis is the formation of what?
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dentin
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what is the product of the enamel organ?
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Enamel
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What refers to the formation of enamel?
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Amelogenesis
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What is the formation of cementum?
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cementogenesis
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An epithelial structure called what proliferates to shape the root of the tooth and induces the formation of root dentin
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Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
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Root length is not completed until when?
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1 to 4 years after the tooth erupts into the oral cavity
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What is an extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth, which is often referred to as "tongue tied"?
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Ankyloglossia
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What are epithelium-lined blind tracts located at the corners of the mouth (commissures)? These tracts may be shallow, or they may be several mm deep.
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Commissural lip pits
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What is an abnormal, pathologic sac or cavity lined by epithelium and enclosed in a connective tissue capsule?
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cyst
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What are cysts that are related to tooth developement?
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odontogenic cysts
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what type of cyst forms around the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth?
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dentigerous cyst (aka follicular cyst)
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What is the most common cyst observed in the oral cavity is cased by pulpal inflammation and is called the what?
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periapical cyst (radicular cyst)
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Where is the most common location for the dentigerous cyst?
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around the crown of an unerupted or impacted mandibular third molar
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What is a cyst that is found in the soft tissue around the crown of an erupting tooth?
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Eruption cyst
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What type of cyst develops in place of a tooth and is most commonly found in place of the third molar or posterior to an erupted third molar?
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primordial cyst
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What is an OKC?
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Odontogenic keratocyst: an odontogenic developmental cyst that is characterized by its unique histologic appearance and frequent recurrence. The lumen is lined by epithelium that is 8 to 10 layers thick and surface by parakeratin.
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T/F: The odontogenic keratocyst can move teeth and resorb tooth structure but does not usually cause expansion to bone
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True
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is a developmental nonaggressive cyst lesion lined by odontogenic epithelium that closely resembles the epithelium of the odontogenic tumor called an ameloblastoma.
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Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC)
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Which cyst is named for its location?
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Lateral Periodontal cyst
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Where is the lateral periodontal cyst most often seen?
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Mandibular cuspid and premolar area
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Gingival cyst
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exhibits the same type of epithelial lining as the lateral periodontal cyst and is located in the soft tissue of the same area. It appears as a small bulge or swelling of the attached gingiva or interdental papillae
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Developmental nonaggressive cystic lesion lined by odontogenic epithelium that closely resembles the epithelium of the odontogenic tumor called an ameloblastoma
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calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC)
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named for its location. seen most often in the mandibular cuspid and premolar area
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lateral periodontal cyst
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only located in the soft tissue exhibits the same type of epithelial lining as the lateral periodontal cyst
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gingival cyst
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which type of cyst is still lined by epithelium but of non-odontogenic origin, common in adults of 40 to 60 yrs
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nonodontogenic cyst
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located within the nasopalatine canal or the incisive papilla
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nasopalatine canal cyst
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Radiograpically well defined, radiolucent lesion that is often heart shaped
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nasopalatine canal cyst
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appears as a well-defined unilocular radiolucency and is located in the midline of the hard palate
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median palatine cyst
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well defined pear shaped radiolucency found between the roots of the maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid
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Globulomaxillary Cyst
-scoope it out and it usually comes out whole |
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Very rare lesion, well defined, unilocular
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Median Mandibular Cyst
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soft tissue cyst with no alveolar bone involvement, observed in adults 40 to 50 yrs of age, expansion or swelling in the mucolabial fold in the area of the maxillary canine and the floor of the nose
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Nasolabial cyst
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located on the lateral neck at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Commonly found on the floor of the mouth
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Lymphoepithelial cyst- can look like ranula
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presents a nodule in the skin of the face and neck. The cyst lumen is usually filled with keratin scales
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Epidermal cyst
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A developmental cyst that is often present at birth or noted in young children.
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Dermoid cyst and benign cystic teratoma
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Forms along the same tract that the thyroid gland follows in development-most of them form in these cysts occur below the hyoid bone
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Thyroglossal Tract Cyst
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Pseudocyst
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not a true cyst (static bone cyst, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst) Not a pathological cavity and not lined with epithelium
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Simple bone cyst
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a pathological cavity in bone that is not lined with epithelium
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a pseudocyst that consists of blood-filled spaces surrounded by the multinucleated giant cells and fibrous CT
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aneurysmal bone cyst
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not a true cyst because it is not a pathologic cavity and is not lined with epithelium-lingual depression in the mandible, which is filled with normal salivary gland tissue
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static bone cyst
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the congenital lack of teeth/ lack of teeth deciduous/permanent
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Anodontia (missing all teeth)
Hypodontia (most common in permenant teeth) |
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What is the order of most common teeth missing?
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Wisdom teeth, laterals, 2nd premolars
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located on the lateral neck at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Commonly found on the floor of the mouth
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Lymphoepithelial cyst- can look like ranula
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presents a nodule in the skin of the face and neck. The cyst lumen is usually filled with keratin scales
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Epidermal cyst
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A developmental cyst that is often present at birth or noted in young children.
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Dermoid cyst and benign cystic teratoma
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Forms along the same tract that the thyroid gland follows in development-most of them form in these cysts occur below the hyoid bone
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Thyroglossal Tract Cyst
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Pseudocyst
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not a true cyst (static bone cyst, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst) Not a pathological cavity and not lined with epithelium
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Simple bone cyst
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a pathological cavity in bone that is not lined with epithelium
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a pseudocyst that consists of blood-filled spaces surrounded by the multinucleated giant cells and fibrous CT
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aneurysmal bone cyst
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not a true cyst because it is not a pathologic cavity and is not lined with epithelium-lingual depression in the mandible, which is filled with normal salivary gland tissue
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static bone cyst
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the congenital lack of teeth/ lack of teeth deciduous/permanent
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Anodontia (missing all teeth)
Hypodontia (most common in permenant teeth) |
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What is the order of most common teeth missing?
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Wisdom teeth, laterals, 2nd premolars
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extra teeth found in the dental arches
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Supernumerary teeth
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What is the most common supernumerary teeth?
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Mesiodens- located between the maxillary central incisors at or near the midline
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What is the second most common supernumerary tooth
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The maxillary fourth molar (distomolar)
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is a developmental anomaly in which one or more teeth in a dentition are smaller than normal
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Microdontia
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is an uncommon developmental anomaly in which one or more teeth in dentition are larger than normal
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Macrodontia
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is a developmental anomaly that occurs when a single tooth germ attempts to divide and results in the incomplete formation of two teeth
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Gemination (too many teeth) "twinning", one combined root
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results from the union of two normally separated adjacent tooth germs
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Fusion
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a condition in which two adjacent teeth are united by cementum only.
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Concrescence- most often seen in adjacent maxillary molars and adjacent supernumerary teeth
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refers to an abnormal curve or angle in the root or, less frequently the crown of the tooth
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Dilaceration
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a small, spheric enamel projection located on a root surface
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Enamel pearl
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an accessory cusp located in the area of the cingulum of a maxillary or mandibular permanent incisor
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Talon cusp
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a term used to describe a developmental dental anomaly in which the teeth exhibit elongated, large pulp chambers and short roots
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Taurodontism- "bull-like teeth"
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a developmental anomaly that results when the enamel organ invaginates into the crown of a tooth before mineralization
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Dens in dente, dens invaginatus
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an accessory enamel cusp found on the occlusal tooth surface
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Dens evaginatus- most often on mandibular premolars
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(extra roots) can involve any tooth
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Supernumerary roots
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Which tooth is the most common tooth to have supernumerary roots
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3rd molars
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the incomplete or defective formation of enamel, resulting in the alteration of tooth form or color-disturbance of or damage to ameloblasts during enamel matrix formation
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enamel hypoplasia
-congenital syphillis -mulberry tooth -hutchinson/screwdriver |
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What is it called when enamel hypoplasia is inherited
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amelogenesis imperfecta
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a developmental anomaly that results in a disturbance of the maturation of the enamel matrix- appears as a localized, chalk white spot on the middle third of smooth crowns
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Enamel hypocalcification
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occurs as a result of the deposition of substances circulating systemically during tooth development
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Instrinic staining of teeth
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unusual developmental problem in which one or several teeth in the same quadrant radiographically exhibit a marked reduction in radiodensity and a characteristic ghostlike appearance
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Regional odontodysplasia or ghost teeth- thin enamel and dentin
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teeth that cannot erupt because of a physical obstruction
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impacted teeth
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deciduous teeth in which bone has fused to cementum and dentin, preventing exfoliation of the deciduous tooth and eruption of the underlying permanent tooth
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ankylosed tooth
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Hereditary units that are transmitted from one generation to another are called what?
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Genes
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Genes are found where?
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on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell
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All cells in the body except sperm and egg have how many chromosomes?
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46 chromosomes (half come from the mother and the other half from the father)
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What are the four stages of mitosis?
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1) prophase
2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase |
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What is the constriction present in all chromosomes, which joins the short and long arms?
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centromere
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Primitive germ cells have how many chromosomes?
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46 chromosomes
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Mature germs cells have how many chromosomes
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23 chromosomes
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What is a two-step special type of cell division in which the primitive germ cells reduce their chromosome number by half and become mature germ cells?
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Meiosis
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The primitive germ cells have two chromosomes for each pair and are called what?
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diploid
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Lyon Hypthesis
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During the early period of embryonic development the genetic activity of one of the X chromosomes in each cell of a female embryo is inactivated.
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The inactivated chromosome remains contracted when the cell is not dividing and forms a structure known as what?
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Barr body
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The vertical sequence of three bases is called what?
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codon (codes for amino acids)
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Several amino acids form a _______?
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Polypeptide
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One or more polypeptide form a _____?
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Protein
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Molecular abnormalities
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occur at the DNA level and are not detectable microscopically
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Gross abnormalities
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can be observed in a karyotype (photographic representation of a person's chromosomal constitution)
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Nondisjunction
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chromosome doesn't divide during mitosis or meiosis
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Deletion
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lose a part of a chromosom
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Translocation
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a portion of the chromosome is attached to another chromosome
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Inversion
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a portion of the chromosome is upside down
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Duplication
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the chromosome is larger then normal because of a repeated segment
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Trisomy 21
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Down syndrome: pt's generally shorter than normal, slanted eyes, heart abnormalities, intelligence levels vary. Fissured tongue, premature loss of teeth, gingival and perio disease
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What is the most frequent of all trisomies
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Trisomy 21, down syndrome
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This disorder is by multiple abnormalities in various organs. 70% of live-born infants die within the first 7 mo of life
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Trisomy 13
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Pt have a female phenotype and in the majority of cases the karyotype has the normal 44 autosomic chromosomes and only one X chromosome
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Turner syndrome
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this condition occurs when an ovum carrying two X chromosomes is fertilized by a spermatozoon with a Y chromosome; therefore the fertilized ovum will have two X chromosomes plus a Y chromosome. Affected individuals have a male phenotype and the condition cannot be detected until after puberty
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Klinefelter syndrom
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Cri du Chat
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cry like a cat
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inheritance is transmitted vertically from one generation to the next-males and females are equally affected
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Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance
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x-linked inheritance
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sex linked
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refers to characteristics or traits that are inherited by the participation of several genes
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Oligogenic inheritance
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This disorder is characterized by a cyclic decrease in the number of circulating neutrophilic leukocytes (neutrophils)
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Cyclic Neutropenia
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a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils is called what?
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neutropenia
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All permanent teeth are lost before 14 years of age, marked destruction of the peridontal tissues (periodontoclasia) of both dentitions with premature loss of teeth and hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
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Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome
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Areas of hyperkeratinization of the palms and soles and marked hyperkeratinization of the labial and lingual gingiva
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Focal Palmoplantar and Gingival Hyperkeratosis
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component of several inherited syndromes, the gingival hypertrophy generally develops early in life, and within a few years the teeth are completely covered
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Gingival Fibromatosis
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Progressive bilateral facial swelling that appears when the patient is between 1 1/2 and 4 years of age. Radiographs of the jaws show a typical "soap-bubble" or multilocular appearance
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Cherubism
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The anterior maxillary vesibular sulcus is lacking, central are generally lacking, most teeth have a conical shape and exhibit enamel hypoplasia
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Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome (Chondroectodermal Dysplasia)
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The cranium develops a mushroom shape because the fontanelles remain open, and clavicular alterations. These patients have many supernumerary teeth
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Cleidocranial dysplasia
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Present of osteomas in various bones, multiple odontomas can occur in the jawbones and the most serious component is the presence of intestinal polyps. Teeth can exhibit hypercementosis and fail to erupt
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Gardner syndrome
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The facies shows downward sloping of the palpebral fissures, a hypoplastic nose, hypoplastic malar bones absence of zygomatic process, abnormal or misplaced ears, and a receding chin. Mouth appears fishlike. Deafness is a constant feature. Teeth malposed
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Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
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These basal cell carcinomas appear early in life and continue to develop over the nose, eyelids, cheeks, neck, arms and trunk. Multiple cysts in jaws
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Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
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The basic defect is produced by different mutations affecting the genes that encode for type I collagen, resulting in abnormally formed bones that fracture easily- abnormal dentin-blue appearance of the white of the eyes (blue sclerae)
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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characterized by multiple capillary dilations of the skin and mucous membranes. The skin and the face shows numerous pinpoint and spiderlike telangiectases
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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
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The combination of multiple mucosal neuromas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, and pheochromocytoma is identified as multiple endocrine neoplasia. Neuromas can occur on the buccal mucosa and the eyelids
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Multiple Mucosal Neuroma syndrome
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multiple neurofibromas which appear as papules and growths of varous sizes are seen on the facial skin especially the eyelids. Cafe au lait pigmentation of skin is present from the first decade of life
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Neurofibromatosis of Von Recklinghausen
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Multiple melanotic macular pigmentations of the skin and mucosa which are associated with GI polyps. The pigmentations occur around the eyes, nose, and mouth. Tend to diminish with age
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Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
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Clinically characterized by white, corrugated, soft, folding oral mucosa. The buccal mucosa is always affected- most cases the lesions are bilateral.
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White Sponge Nevus
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What are the four types of amelogenesis imperfecta?
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Type I: Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta
Type II: Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta Type III: Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta Type IV: Hypoplastic-hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta |
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Which type of amelogenesis imperfecta is characterized by tooth enamel that does not develop to a normal thickness because of failure of the ameloblasts to lay down enamel matrix properly. Often pitted
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The hypoplastic (pitted) type (Type I)
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An enamel of normal thickness that is poorly calcifies characterized which type of amelogenesis imperfecta
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Hypocalcified type (type II)
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An enamel of mottled appearance byt normal thickness characterized the which type of amelogenesis imperfecta?
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Hypomaturation type (type III)
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A type of amelogenesis imperfecta that includes snow-capped amelogenesis and hypomaturation of the suface enamel of the occlusal third of all the teeth of both dentitions
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Hypoplastic-hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta (type IV)
-snow capped |
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Dentinogenesis imperfecta
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short roots
no pulp chamber |
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Coronal dentin dysplasia
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Translucent teeth with amber color characterized the primary dentition. Radiographs show a lack of pulp chambers and small root canals
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Ectodermal Dysplasia
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Its major components are hypodontia (partial anodontia), hypotrichosis (less than normal amoun of hair), and hypohidrosis (abnormally diminished secretion of sweat
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Hypophosphatasia
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decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase- affects the process of bone and cementum formation
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Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D Resistant Rickets
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low vitamin D formation
-causes bowing of legs |
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Taurodontism
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very large, pyramid-shaped molars with large pulp chambers
-frequently found in Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) |
