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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What pathogen most commonly causes community-acquired acute pneumonia?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae; this bacteria is a common cause of lobar pneumonia.
Community-acquired pneumonias are usually caused by bacteria following a viral upper respiratory tract infection |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Gram-positive lance-shaped diplococcus
MOST common cause of typical community-acquired pneumonia rapid onset, productive cough, signs of consolidation urine antigen test excellent screen Tx: penicillin G; amoxicillin Occurs most frequently in: 1)those w/underlying chronic disease(COPD, CHF, diabetes) 2) those w/congenital or acquired immunoglobulin defects(AIDS) 3) decreased/absent splenic function (sickle cell disease or after splenectomy) spleen collects the most phagocytes, which are responsible for removing pneumococci from blood. |
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H. influenzae
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Gram-negative rod
common cause of sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis(pink eye) Inspiratory stridor from epiglottitis; causes "thumbprint" sign on lateral xray of neck Encapsulated and unencapsulated forms cause community-acquired pneumonias; encapsulated can cause life-threatening pneumonia in children→can cause epiglottitis and suppurative meningitis; vaccines in infancy have reduced risk At risk: those w/chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis H. influenzae is most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbation of COPD. Tx: cefotaxime, ceftriaxone |
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Moraxella catarrhalis
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Gram-negative diplococcus
common cause of typical pneumonia in ELDERLY 2nd most common cause of acute exacerbation of COPD common cause of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media Tx: amoxicillin-clavulanate |
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3 most common causes of otitis media(middle ear infection) in children?
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S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
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Top 2 bacterial causes of acute exacerbation of COPD?
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#1: Haemophilus influenzae
#2: Moraxella catarrhalis |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Gram-positive cocci in clumps
Yellow sputum commonly superimposed on influenza pneumonia and measles pneumonia major lung pathogen in cystic fibrosis and IV drug abusers Hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, abscess formation, tension pneumotocysts(intrapleural blebs), which can rupture and cause a tension pneumothorax Tx: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) |
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Of all the Gram negative bacteria, which organism causes pneumonia most frequently?
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Gram negative fat rod surrounded by a mucoid capsule
most common gram-negative organism causing lobar pneumonia and typical pneumonia in elderly PT and nursing homes. common cause of pneumonia in alcoholics A typical pneumonia; associated w/blood-tinged, thick, mucoid sputum. Lobar consolidation and abscess formation common Tx: ceftriaxone |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Green sputum(pyocyanin)
water-loving bacteria that are transmitted by respirators. most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia and death due to pneumonia in cystic fibrosis. can get infarction due to vessel invasion Tx: antipseudomonal beta-lacta + aminoglycoside + antipseudomonal quinolone or macrolide |
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Legionella pneumophila
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Gram-negative rod(IF stain or Dieterle silver stain needed to identify)
Antigens can be detected in urine. Water loving bacteria in water coolers, mists in grocery stores, outdoor restaurants in summer, rain forests in zoo) risk factors: alcoholic, smoker, immunosuppression high fever, dry cough, flu-like symptoms can get tubulointerstitial disease w/destruction of JG apparatus leading to hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (type IV renal tubular acidosis- hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis) urine antigen test excellent screen Tx: fluoroquinolone; azithromycin |
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What is the most common opportunistic viral pathogen in AIDS?
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Cytomegalovirus; most common presentation is retinitis; can also affect GI(colitis) and lungs(pneumonitis).
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What is the most frequent disease-causing fungus?
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Candida albicans
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What is the most common fungal endocarditis?
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Invasive candidiasis caused by Candida albicans.
Seen in PT w/prosthetic heart valves and IV drug abusers. |
