Pathology Cell Adaptation & Disease

Front 1

List Four Pathological Adaptations

Back 1

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Dysplasia.

Front 2

Describe Atrophy

Back 2

Cells decrease in size (organ shrinks, e.g. CP 13: brain atrophy)

Front 3

Describe Hypertrophy.

Back 3

Cells increase in size (e.g. muscle man)

Front 4

Describe Hyperplasia

Back 4

A group of cells undergo mitosis. The size of the cells doesn’t change, only the number.

Front 5

Describe Metaplasia

Back 5

One cell type changes to another type of cell.

Front 6

Describe Dysplasia

Back 6

The first step before cancer (precancerous) [enlargement of an organ by abnormal cell growth.]

Front 7

LGN problem described in class was this type of adaptation:

Back 7

Atrophy

Front 8

RPE problem discussed was:

Back 8

Retinal Pigment Epithelium Hypertrophy

Front 9

What does CHIRPE stand for?

Back 9

Congenital Hypertrophy In the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

Hint 9

None

Front 10

What is Pinguecula?

Back 10

Hyperplasia.

Front 11

Pterygium was this type of adaptation:

Back 11

Hyperplasia.

Hint 11

None

Front 12

Conjunctival metaplasia can be caused by?

Back 12

Vitamin A deficiency.

Hint 12

None

Front 13

List 7 etiological agents:

Back 13

Hypoxic hypoxia, Ischemic hypoxia, Physical agents (trauma), Chemical agents (toxins), Biological agents (Bacteria, Viri, Fungi, Protozoan), Inflammatory mediators, Nutritional disorders.

Front 14

Provide 3 forms of pathogenesis:

Back 14

ROS (Free radicals), Membrane dammage, Decreased cellular respiration.

Front 15

Give 5 endogenous accumulations, please.

Back 15

Lipofuscin, Melanin, Hemosiderin, Billirubin, Calcium.

Front 16

List 3 exogenous accumulations:

Back 16

Copper, Carbon, & Tattoo ink.

Hint 16

None

Front 17

Regurgitate 5 degenerations, please.

Back 17

Fatty acids, Cholesterol, Glycogen, Protein, Water.

Hint 17

None

Front 18

What color is Lipofuscin?

Back 18

Brown

Front 19

Freckels & age spots formed by?

Back 19

Melanin over produced in adjacent cells.

Front 20

I say golden yellow, you say:

Back 20

Hemosiderin

Front 21

What color is bilirubin?

Back 21

Brown/Yellow/Green.

Front 22

Copper ocular ring?

Back 22

Kayser-Fleischer Ring.

Front 23

Red color?

Back 23

Heme

Front 24

Fleischer Ring is made up of:

Back 24

Hemosiderin

Front 25

What do you use a cobalt-blue filter to observe?

Back 25

Hemosiderin of Fleischer's Ring

Front 26

Icteric Sclera is what type of pathology?

Back 26

An accumulation (of Billirubin).

Front 27

Describe Dystrophic Calcification:

Back 27

Heart valve "teeth"

Front 28

What is calcification in the eye called?

Back 28

"Conjunctival Concretions"

Front 29

What disease has Athracosis as a symptom?

Back 29

Pneumoconiosis.

Front 30

Anthracosis is an accumulatin of what?

Back 30

Carbon.

Front 31

What two problems arise from anthracosis?

Back 31

Hypoxic hypoxia & fibrosis.

Front 32

Fibrosis: High or Low Lung compliance?

Back 32

Low Compliance.

Front 33

Cirrhosis aka?

Back 33

Steatosis.

Front 34

Free Fatty Acids + _____ = vLDL?

Back 34

Apoprotein

Front 35

What does Beta-oxidation convert fats into?

Back 35

Ketones and Carbon dioxide.

Front 36

What are two substrates for liponeogenesis by the liver?

Back 36

Amino acids and glucose.

Front 37

Give two sources for FFAs:

Back 37

Adipose tissue breakdown and Chylomicrons

Front 38

What is Xanthelasma?

Back 38

Raised yellow plaques occurring around the eyelids, resulting from high levels of circulating FFAs.

Front 39

This is a Cholesterol accumulation ring at Descemet's Membrane:

Back 39

Arcus Senilis

Front 40

When protein and antibodies accumulate inside the plasma cell, we have:

Back 40

Russell Bodies.

Front 41

Provide two locations of Amyloid formation:

Back 41

Blood vessels, & neurons (e.g. Alzheimers).

Front 42

When protein in the nephron tubules makes them more eosinophilic, we have:

Back 42

Hyaline Degeneration: PCT

Front 43

What is the major cause for hydropic degeneration?

Back 43

Decreased cellular respiration.

Front 44

List 7 effects of water accumulation:

Back 44

1. Nuclear material clumps, 2. Organelles swell, 3. Degranulation of rER, 4. Myelination of plasma membrane, 5. Autophagy, 6. Blebbing, 7. Cell Swelling

Front 45

Wearing contacts overnight can cause:

Back 45

Hydropic degeneration.

Front 46

What are three nuclear changes affiliated with Necrosis.

Back 46

Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis

Front 47

Give 3 methods of accumuation:

Back 47

Ingestation, Metabolic imbalances, Protein homeostais imbalance.

Front 48

List 3 styles of cell death:

Back 48

Autolysis, Necrosis, Apoptosis

Front 49

What are the 3 types of necrosis discussed:

Back 49

Coagulative, Caseating, Liquefactive Necrosis.

Front 50

What is the most likely cause of colagulative necrosis?

Back 50

Ischemia

Front 51

Denaturing enzymes are responsible for what sort of cell dammage?

Back 51

Coagulative necrosis

Front 52

Name the enzymes which produce purulent substances:

Back 52

Pyogenic enzymes

Front 53

Granulomas are formed through ____ necrosis which is caused by ____.

Back 53

Granulomas are formed through Caseating necrosis which is caused by TB

Front 54

An ocular manefestation of Coagulative necrosis would be:

Back 54

Occulsion of the retinal artery

Front 55

Orbital cellulitis = ____ necrosis.

Back 55

Liquefactive necrosis

Front 56

An ocular infection of TB would cause:

Back 56

Caseating necrosis

Front 57

What are the most likely etiologies behind Liquefactive Necrosis?

Back 57

Biological agents (bacteria, virus, etc.)

Front 58

Name three Intrinsic causes for apoptosis:

Back 58

Mitochondrial cytocrhomes & DNA Dammage from ROS, toxins, etc, & withdraw of trophic factors

Front 59

Rattle off 3 Extrinsic causes for apoptosis:

Back 59

Cytotoxic T-cell activity, FAS Ligand action on TNF receptor, Increased Calcium concentration

Front 60

What manner of cell death is Glaucoma?

Back 60

Apoptosis

Front 61

What is another sign of Glaucoma other than increased intraocular pressure?

Back 61

Cupped papilla (Apoptosis caused by high intraocular pressure).

Front 62

A Staph A infection could cause ____ necrosis?

Back 62

Liquefactive necrosis

Front 63

I say Bone-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), you say:

Back 63

Glaucoma, Apoptosis, Cupped optic nerve papilla