Pathology: Cardiovascular

Front 1

What are the 2 types of reversible responses to injury that the heart can undergo?

Back 1

atrophy
hypertrophy

Front 2

T/F: Hypertrophy is the most common reversible change that the heart undergoes in response to injury.

Back 2

True

Front 3

What are 3 types of sublethal degeneration that the heart can undergo in response to injury?

Back 3

fatty degeneration
lipofuscinosis
vacuolar degeneration

Front 4

What is lipofuscinosis?

Back 4

Build-up of pigments in the heart that corresponds with old age

Front 5

What lesion do lethal heart injuries result in?

Back 5

necrosis

Front 6

How is necrosis of heart tissue cleaned up and what replaces it?

Back 6

Phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages clean it up; it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue.

Front 7

T/F: Cardiac myocytes can regenerate.

Back 7

False. Cardiac myocytes CANNOT regenerate.

Front 8

T/F: Morphological lesions of the heart muscle can guide diagnosis of the etiology of those lesions.

Back 8

False: Due to the limited responses of the heart to injury, morphological lesions to a variety of insults can appear the same or, depending on how critical the injury is, there may not even be a lesion.

Front 9

T/F: lesions take time to develop.

Back 9

True

Front 10

T/F: A severe acute insult to the myocardium may leave few or no morphologic cues.

Back 10

True

Front 11

What does heart failure result from?

Back 11

Inadequate movement of blood.

Front 12

When left heart failure occurs, where does blood pool?

Back 12

in the lungs

Front 13

When right heart failure occurs, where does blood pool?

Back 13

in the liver

Front 14

What are some symptoms that may occur when blood pools in the liver?

Back 14

icteric & may have elevated enzymes

Front 15

T/F: It is fairly common to see changes in both lung and liver in fatal cases of heart failure.

Back 15

True. Long-term failure of one side eventually leads to failure of both the left and right sides, such that both the lung and liver are affected prior to death.

Front 16

What are 4 general types of congenital anomalies?

Back 16

1. nonclosure anomalies
2. valvular anomalies
3. Vascular ring anomaly
4. Other anomalies

Front 17

What are 4 nonclosure anomalies?

Back 17

1. patent ductus arteriosus
2. atrial septal defect
3. interventricular septal defect
4. Tetralogy of Fallot

Front 18

What are 6 valvular anomalies?

Back 18

1. pulmonic stenosis
2. aortic stenosis
3. subaortic stenosis
4. tricuspid dysplasia
5. mitral valve malformation
6. hematocysts

Front 19

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly?

Back 19

"persistent right fourth aortic arch"

Front 20

What are 3 anomalies that don't fit into other congenital anomaly categories?

Back 20

1. ectopia cordis
2. endocardial fibroelastosis
3. epithelial inclusions

Front 21

In which species are is the anomaly patent ductus arteriosus most common?

Back 21

most common in the dog, but reasonably common in all species

Front 22

T/F: small defects of the patent ductus arteriosus are compatible with life.

Back 22

True

Front 23

What do large patent ductus arteriosus anomalies result in?

Back 23

Left-to-right shunting of blood with volume overload of the left ventricle and pressure overload of the right ventricle.

Front 24

For the fetus, what does the ductus arteriosus do?

Back 24

Shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, thereby bypassing the lungs.

Front 25

What is the usual result of atrial septic defect?

Back 25

Shunting of blood from the left atrium to the right atrium. This causes volume overload of the right ventricle, and elevated central venous pressure. Usually secondary pulmonary hypertension develops.

Front 26

What 2 nonclosure anomalies cause left to right shunting?

Back 26

1. patent ductus arteriosus
2. atrial septal defect

Front 27

What can secondary pulmonary hypertension result in?

Back 27

Flow reversal and the animal becomes cyanotic.

Front 28

What is one of the most common cardiac defect in animals?

Back 28

interventricular septal defect

Front 29

The usual site of this defect is up under the aortic or pulmonary valves in the heart. What is the defect?

Back 29

Interventricular septal defect

Front 30

In sheep where are interventricular septal defects seen?

Back 30

Low in the cardiac septum, rather than high up under the valves.

Front 31

What happens to the ventricles when there is an interventricular septal defect?

Back 31

hypertrophy of both

Front 32

This is a specific combination of congenital defects including an interventricular septal defect, an overriding aorta, and pulmonic stenosis.

Back 32

Tetralogy of Fallot

Front 33

What is the compensatory component of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Back 33

ventricular hypertrophy

Front 34

Describe the characteristics of an "overriding aorta" in conjunction with the Tetralogy of Fallot.

Back 34

The aorta leaves the septum instead of over the left ventricular lumen.

Front 35

Name 7 cardiac valvular anomalies.

Back 35

Pulmonic stenosis
aortic and subaortic stenosis
tricuspid dysplasia
mitral valve malformation
hematocysts

Front 36

This is a narrowing of the pulmonic outflow tract.

Back 36

Pulmonic stenosis

Front 37

T/F: Pulmonic stenosis is always accompanied by valvular malformation.

Back 37

False. It occurs w/ or w/o valvular malformation.

Front 38

This is usually present as a fibrous band beneath the aortic valve. The aorta is usually dilated and the ventricle has concentric hypertrophy.

Back 38

aortic and subaortic stenosis

Front 39

Which is more common subaortic stenosis or aortic stenosis?

Back 39

subaortic stenosis

Front 40

In which species are you most likely to find aortic/subaortic stenosis?

Back 40

swine & dogs

Front 41

What is the usual outcome of aortic/subaortic stenosis?

Back 41

sudden death, likely due to ventricular fibrillation