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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is osteopetrosis?
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metaphyseal dystrophy: an increase bone density/unit area
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What is another name for osteopetrosis?
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marble bone disease
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What three species have sporadic occurrences of osteopetrosis?
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dogs, sheep and horses
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What species inherits osteopetrosis and how is it inherited?
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Angus cattle; autosomal recessive
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What species does a virus cause osteopetrosis and what is the virus?
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birds, leukosis virus
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What is cell is defective in osteopetrosis?
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osteoclasts
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What do the osteoclasts fail to do in osteopetrosis?
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reabsorb and remodel fetal bone or secondary spongiosa
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What is primary spongiosa?
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fetal bone
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What does persistent spongiosa in the diaphysis cause in osteopetrosis?
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increased bone density with concurrent reduction of medullary spaces
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What fills the medullary cavity in osteopetrosis?
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spicules of bone
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What is the clinical sign of osteopetrosis?
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aplastic anemia
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What are the gross lesions associated with osteopetrosis?
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dense bones that are thick with small or no medullary cavity marrow spaces
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What four gross lesions are apparent in angus cattle that inherit osteopetrosis?
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stillborn, brachygnathia inferior (shortened mandible), impacted molar teeth and deformed cranial vaults that compress the brain
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What is another name for congenital cortical hyperplasia?
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diaphyseal dysplasia
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What species is affected by congenital cortical hyperplasia?
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pigs
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What is the cause of congenital cortical hyperplasia in pigs?
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autosomally recessive inherited disease
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What are four clinical signs of congenital cortical hyperplasia?
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swollen limbs, edema, normal joints, and growth plate expanded in diameter
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What forms on long bones in congenital cortical hyperplasia in pigs?
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new periosteal bone formations on long bones
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How do the bones appear in congenital cortical hyperplasia in pigs?
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thick, hard, swollen and rigid bones
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What gross lesions are associated with congenital cortical hyperplasia in pigs?
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new periosteal bone formations on long bones, excessive deposit of radiating trabecula on periosteal surface and edema due to blockage of lymphatic circulation
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What is a possible sequelae of congential cortical hyperplasia in pigs?
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stillborn or early neonatal death
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What is are other names for craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO)
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Westie jaw, scottie jaw, lion jaw
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What breeds are susceptible to craniomadibular osteopathy?
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West highland terriers and scottish terriers
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What are the two causes of CMO?
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idiopathic and autosomal recessive
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At what age do you see CMO?
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4-7 months
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What is CMO?
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craniomandibular osteopathy
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What is a clinical sign of CMO?
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painful mastication
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What gross lesions will you see with CMO?
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new periosteal bone formations, atrophy of muscles of mandible and skull, irrugular thickening of mandibles, occipital and temporal bones
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What is severely affected in CMO?
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tympanic bullae
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What is the sequelae of CMO?
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self limiting
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What do the mandibles, occipital and temporal bones look like in CMO?
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irregularly thickened
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What are chondrodystrophies?
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disorders of bone growth
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What causes chondrodystrophies?
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inherited errors in genes that control condrogenesis
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Where are the primary lesions found in chondrodystrophies?
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growth cartilage
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What breed/species is affected by epiphyseal dysplasias in chondrodystrophies?
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spider lambs of suffolk and hampshire sheep
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What breeds of dog have metaphyseal dysplasias chondrodystrophies?
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alaskan malamute, norwegian elkhound and great pyrenees
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What do chondrodystrophies cause grossly?
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disproportionate dwarfism: short legged with normal sized heads
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What are the three types of chondrodystrophies?
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dexter type, telemark type and short-headed type
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What is osteochondrosis?
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heterogenous group of lesions in growth cartilage of young animals
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What age group of animals is affected by osteochondrosis?
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young animals
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What is the cause of osteochondrosis in thoroughbred suckling foals?
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Cu deficiency due to excess dietary zinc which causes lysis of AE complex and formation of thin flaps of cartilage
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What is the cause of osteochondrosis in dogs?
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High calcium diets
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Osteochondrosis is the failure or delay of what?
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endochondral ossification
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What two complexes does osteochondrosis affect?
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metaphyseal growth plate and AE complex
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Is osteochondrosis focal or multifocal?
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either
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Due to its failure of endochondral ossification, what is retained in osteochondrosis?
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growth cartilage
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How does the growth cartilage grossly appear in osteochondrosis?
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irregular width and abnormal retention
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How does the growth plate grossly appear in osteochondrosis?
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dysplasia (wedge of white firm hyalin cartilage at physis), necrosis, hemorrhage and mineralized debris at jct of dysplastic and adjacent bone
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What is the common site for osteochondrosis in pigs?
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distal femurs
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What three sites are the most common for osteochondrosis in horses?
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distal femur, distal tibia, vertebral articular facets
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what is the most common site for osteochondrosis in dogs?
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proximal humerus
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What is the most common site for osteochondrosis in growing birds?
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proximal tibia
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What three species does osteochondritis dissecans occur in?
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dogs, horses and pigs
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What is the pathogenesis of osteochondritis disssecans (OCD)?
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dysplasia at AE complex-> formation of clefts in the retained cartilage and fracture of the overlying articular cartilage-> cartilaginous or osteochondral flap
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What is formed if the osteochondral flap in OCD breaks off?
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a joint mouse
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What is the most common site of OCD in dogs?
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humeral head
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What is the most common site of OCD in horses?
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anterior aspect of the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia
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What is the most common site of OCD in pigs?
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distal humerus
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What gross lesion is found in OCD?
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cartilaginous or osteochondral flap that could progress into a joint mouse
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What are three possible sequelae of OCD?
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DJD, ulceration and exposure of subchondral bone, lameness
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What is another name for cervical vertebral myelopathy?
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Wobbler syndrome
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What is cervical vertebral myelopathy secondary to?
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static or dynamic compression on the spinal cord by abnormal cervical vertebrae which can cause this compression consistently due to stenosis of the canal or intermittently during movement
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What kind of compression does absolute stenosis of the canal create in CVM?
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static
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what kind of compression does movement with abnormal vertebrae in CVM?
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dynamic
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What two pathologies cause static CVM?
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malformation of vertebrae and osteochondrosis
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What causes instability CVM?
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increased mobility of cervical vertebral joint due to rapid growth by excess nutrition
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What two species are affected by CVM?
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horses and giant breed dogs
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What are two diseases in CVM?
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cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy and cervical spondylomyelopathies
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What species is affected by cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy?
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horses
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What are two disease that are under part of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy?
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cervical static stenosis and cervical vertebral instability
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Who is affected by cervical static stenosis?
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older horses 1-4 years
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What causes cervical static stenosis?
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malformation of the vertebrae
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Who is affected by cervical vertebral instability?
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young horses 8-18 months
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What causes cervical vertebral instability?
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rapid growth, genetic causing increased mobility of cervical vertebra
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What are three main clinical signs of cervical vertebral stenotic myopathy of horses?
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compression of spinal cord, ataxia, myelomalacia
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What gross lesions are caused by cervical static stenosis?
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hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum, narrowing of vertebral canal @ C5-C7, fibrillation, eburnation, osteophytes
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What predisposes from cervical static stenosis?
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inherited, nutritional, environment, vertebral malformation, articular subluxation
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What gross lesions does cervical vertebral instability cause?
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narrowing of vertebral canal, instability at C3-C5, fibrillation, eburnation and osteophytosis
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Who is affected by cervical spondylomyelopathies?
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large/giant breed dogs
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What does cervical spondylomyelopathies cause?
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compressive myelomalacia causing abnormal gait
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What is another name for a hemivertebrae?
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butterfly vertebrae
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What is a hemivertebrae?
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partial developed vertebrae; ie half vertebrae
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What does a hemivertebrae cause?
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it can be silent or can cause compression of the spinal cord
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What causes growth arrest in long bones of calves?
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BVD
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What causes growth arrest in long bones of dogs?
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distemper virus
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What is another name for growth arrest of long bones?
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growth retardation lattice
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What gross lesion is seen with calves with growth arrest of long bones?
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radiodense transverse band of increased density in the metaphysis: the growth arrest line
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What is the pathogenesis of growth arrest of long bones in dogs?
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injury to osteoclasts disrupt metaphyseal modeling which causes reduction in removal of mineralized cartilage resulting from defective chondroclastic activity or indigestible matrix
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What is osteoporosis?
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Bone atrophy or osteopenia: an imbalance between bone formation and resorption in the favor of resorption
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What are six common causes of osteoporosis?
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1. calcium deficiency
2. malnutrition 3. disuse 4. toxicity 5. hypercorticolism 6. postmenopausal |
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What are three toxicities that cause osteoporosis?
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Vitamin A, adriamycin, fluoride
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What is reduced production of bone in osteoporosis due to?
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failure of normal osteoblastic activity
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What causes increased removal of formed bone in osteoporosis?
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excess stimulation of osteoclasts by excess parathyroid hormone production
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What gross lesions are a result of osteoporosis?
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thin brittle porous bones
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How does the cortical bone grossly appear in osteoporosis?
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decreased thickness, increased proosity
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How does the trabecular bone appear in osteoporosis?
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thinner with perforations
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How does the medullary cavity grossly appear in osteoporosis?
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enlarged
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What does calcium deficiency cause in osteoporosis?
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increased bone resorption
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What does starvation and malnutrition cause in osteoporosis?
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reduced bone formation
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How does disuse cause osteoporosis?
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increased bone resorption OR decreased bone formation through changes in piezoelectrical activity and stretch receptors
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How does Vitamin A toxicity cause osteoporosis?
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decreased osteoblastic activity with osteoclasia
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How does adriamycin toxicity cause osteoporosis?
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depressed osteoblastic activity
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How does fluoride toxicity cause osteoporosis?
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abnormal osteocytes
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How do glucocorticoids cause osteoporosis?
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decrease rate at which bone is formed and decrease amount of bone produced and interfere with differentiation to osteoblasts
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What is osteomalacia?
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softening of bone
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What are four causes of osteomalacia?
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1. deficiency of vitamin D
2. deficiency of phosphorus 3. chronic renal disease 4. chronic fluorosis |
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Osteomalacia is the disease of what type of skeleton?
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mature
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What bones are affected and what age group in osteomalacia?
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adult bones after endochondral bone growth has ceased
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Osteomalacia has a failure of mineralization of bone deformities and fractures causing an accumulation of what?
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unmineralized osteoid
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How does hypovitaminosis D casue osteomalacia?
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decreased absorption, transportation and deposit of Ca and P
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How does hypophosphatemia cause osteomalacia?
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stimulates renal production of calcitriol which leads to increases in intestinal absorption of P by PTH-independent mechanism which provokes osteoclastic resorption fo the bone which increaes plasma ionized Ca -> suppression of PTH relase and a decreased in renal excretion of phosphorus
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How does chronic fluorosis cause osteomalacia?
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fluoride ions replace hydroxyl radicals in apatite crystal causing abnormal osteoid and defective and irregularly mineralized
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What causes rickets?
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hypovitaminosis D and deficiency of Ca and phosphorus
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Rickets is the disease of what kind of skeleton?
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immature: disease of bone and cartilage undergoing endochondral ossification
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Rickets causes failure of what?
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failure of mineralization
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How does hypovitaminosis D cause rickets?
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leads to hypocalcemia leading to failure of mineralization
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What are the gross lesions of the epiphyseal cartilage in rickets?
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retention of cartilage matrix, thickened and irregular growth plates and "rachitic rosary"
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What are the gross lesions of bone in rickets?
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soft and deformed; leads to secondary osteodystrophy
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what are the causes of fibrous osteodystrophy?
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deficiency of Ca and Vit D, high dietary Ca:P ratio, severe renal disease and ingestion of high oxalate plants
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What can be primary or secondary as a result of fibrous osteodystrophy?
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hyperparathyroidism due to prolonged and excessive secretion of PTH
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Generally, what does fibrous osteodystrophy do to bone?
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increases osteoclastic resorption of bone and replaces it with fibrous tissue
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What cause of fibrous osteodystrophy is common in dogs?
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Chronic renal disease
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What causes hypovitaminosis A in calves and pigs?
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unsupplemented rations of grain and/or old hay
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What does hypovitaminosis A cause?
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abnormal ossification w. defective remodeling of bone and reduced resorption of endosteal bone
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What are the gross lesions associated with hypovitaminosis A?
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small brain case, pressure on CNS, increased intracranial pressure, blindness (stenosis of optic canals)
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What species is affected by hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
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Dogs: young and growing; large and giant breeds
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what are three clinical signs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
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lamness, fever, swollen painful metaphyses in long bones
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What are the gross lesions of hypertorphic osteodystrophy?
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bilateral symmetrical physitis, metaphyseal periosteal new bone formation and infractions
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What is the sequelae of HOD?
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spontanously regresses
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What is HOP?
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hypertrophic osteopathy
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What species most commonly is affected by HOP?
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dogs
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What is HOP?
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progressive, bilateral, periosteal new bone formations in the diaphyseal regions of the distal limbs
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What region of the bone is affected by HOD?
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metaphyseal
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What are four theories of the cause of HOP?
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1. pulmonary shunting
2. vagal nerve stimulation 3. humoral substances produced by neoplastic cells 4. megakaryocyte/platelet/clump hypothesis |
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What gross lesions will you see in HOP?
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intrathoracic lesions, bilaterally symmetrical, osteophtosis (exostoses and endostoses on distal bones), edema and congestion of periosteum
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Is HOP reversible or irreversible?
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reversible if primary lesion is removed
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What is HOP associated with in dogs?
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rhabomyosarcoma of urinary bladder
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What is HOP associated with in horses?
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Ovarian neoplasias
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What is the cause of osteoflurosis?
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ingestions of bedrock or pasture and forage contaminated with industrial high waste in fluoride
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What is the pathogenesis of osteofluorsis?
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fluoride ions replace hydroxyl radicals in the apatite crystal causing defective and irregular mineralization
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What are two clinical signs you will see in acute osteofluorosis?
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intestinal and CNS signs
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What two clinical signs will you see in chronic osteofluorosis?
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dental abnormalities and osteodystrophy
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Where does fluoride accumulate in adult animals with osteofluorosis?
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periosteum causing it to be thickened
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What species does hypervitaminosis A occur in?
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Cats
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What causes Hypervitaminosis A in cats?
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feeding adult cats bovine liver
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How does hypervitaminosis A effect osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
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osteoblasts favor osteogenesis and osteoclasts favor bone resorption
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How does hypervitaminosis A affect chondrocytes?
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reduced chondrocyte proliferation causing destruction of growth plates
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Does hypervitaminosis A increase or decrease numbers of osteoblasts and what does this cause?
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decrease numbers causing osteoporosis
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How does hypervitaminosis effect periosteal osteoblasts?
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stimulates periosteal osteoblasts causing formation of osteophytes
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What gross lesions are observed in hypervitaminosis A?
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injury to growth cartilage, osteoporosis/osteopenia, exostosis/osteophytes, dental disease
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What causes hypervitaminosis D?
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ingestion of cestrum diurnum
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What is the result of acute massive exposures to hypervitaminosis D?
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widespread soft tissue mineralization and death
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what is the result of long term exposure in short doses?
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lowering PTH and elevation of calcitonin leading to reduced bone resorption and osteosclerosis
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What gross lesions will you see with hypervitaminosis D?
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denser skeleton, osteosclerosis and calcification of tissues!!!
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What age is usually affected by lead in excessive mineralization?
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young animals after bolus dose
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What is the pathogenesis of lead in excessive mineralization?
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inhibition of ostoclasts leading to a retention of primary trabeculae, can form lead line
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What clinical signs will you see with lead poisoning?
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nervous signs
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What will you see radiographically in lead excess mineralization?
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radiodense transverse band called the lead line
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What is a diagnostic significant finding of lead?
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acid-fast inclusion bodies
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