Pathology Block 1

Front 1

What is etiology

Back 1

Cause of a disease

Front 2

What is pathogenesis

Back 2

It is the response of the cell to the etiologic agent, this response can range from back of the initial stimulus to full symptoms of the disease

Front 3

How does cell injury occur

Back 3

Cell exist in a homesostasis and have a certain functions that they must perform within limits, when they have a increase in stimulus or stress, they adapt, if they can’t adapt, they have injury

Front 4

What would be an example of adaptation

Back 4

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasisa

Front 5

Is adaptation protective of cell injury

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

What is hypoxia

Back 6

Is low oxy, example is skiers they get low oxy to the brain and they feel sick

Front 7

What is ischemia

Back 7

Is low oxy and low in nutrients, severe

Front 8

What is metaplasia

Back 8

It is replacement of one differentiated/mature cell with another one, it is an integral part of adaptation, most common is columnar to squamous in respiratory cells in response to chronic inflammation

Front 9

What is atrophy

Back 9

It is loss of cell size and function, if there is decrease on the number of the cells then its called apoptosis, it can be either physio or pathologic

Front 10

Why is it important to distinguish between organ and tissue atrophy

Back 10

Because organ atrophy can be due to reverse or irreversible cell loss

Front 11

What are some of the examples of physiologic atrophy

Back 11

Physiologic atrophy occurs during embryonic development, examples would be shrinkage of thyroglossal duct, notochord, developing large vessels of cardiovascular system, also decrease in the size and the cell mass of the thymus

Front 12

What is the pathological atrophy

Back 12

It is due to an underlying cause, it can be local or generalized

Front 13

What are some of the examples of path. Atrophy

Back 13

1Disuse, when a broken limb is immobilized in a cast, doctors induce atrophy.2 Denervation, muscles depnd on the nervation, if no nerve input the muscle will not develop properly.3 Nutrition, this is seen with marasmus and cachexia,in marasmus, muscle tissue is used instead of adipose tissue, this causes the muscles to waste away called cachexia. 4 Aging, our organs in general get smaller w/age, like heart and brain, heart gets brown. 5 Loss of endocrine function, i.e. menopause. 6 Decreased blood supply, this ischemia can cause problem.7 Pressure, compression of any tissue can cause atrophy, this is seen with tumors.

Front 14

Is atrophy associated with cell death

Back 14

No, atrophy only causes a reduction in size, for example ischemia, will cause the blood supply to be less but if it gets low to the point that the cell can even carryout normal function, it will cause death, also stimuli for atrophy is similar to apoptosis

Front 15

What is ubiquinatoin

Back 15

Process that leads to atrophy, basically proteins bound for removal bind to the activated ubiquitin and are carried to a proteasome where they are chewed up to their AA sequence, ubiquitin is then released and recycled

Front 16

What is autophagy

Back 16

Autophagy is also an example of atrophy, basically these autohagic cells surround the organelles of the cells like ER, or mitochondria, thye completely envelope the cell and then a lysosome comes in and empties it’s content into the autphagic body. Some of the material will resist that catalysis and they can accumulate and it will exist as a dense body

Front 17

What is an example of material that resists autophagy

Back 17

Lipofuscin, seen in older ppl and can give the tissue a brown tint

Front 18

What is the difference between hypolasia and atrophy

Back 18

Hypoplasia is reduction of cell mass and volume if it happens before birth, atrophy is same if it happens after birth

Front 19

What is hyperplasia

Back 19

Increase in cell number

Front 20

What is hypertrophy

Back 20

Increase in cell size

Front 21

Where do we see hypertrophy

Back 21

In cells that lose their ability to divide increase in size, they also increase their intracellular organelle size

Front 22

What is not hypertrophy

Back 22

Cells that increase size due to swelling, that is usually a inflammatory response

Front 23

What is the difference between hyperplastic polyp vs. neoplatic polyp

Back 23

Neoplastic can become malignant

Front 24

What are the examples of physiologic hyperplasia

Back 24

Hormonal (increase in functional response to a certain event like female breast during puberty and uterus during pregnancy, mediated by estrogen) or compensatory (refers to regeneration, after resection of loss of an area) or exercise, w/c results in hyperplasia of the muscle tissue

Front 25

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia

Back 25

It usually mediated by the increase in the growth factors or growth factor receptors, or activation of particular intercellular pathways

Front 26

What are the pathologic mechanism of hyperplasia/hypertrophy

Back 26

Increase in the workload to the heart will lead to an increase in the myocardial cells, by this the heart size can actually double, this will allow the heart to meet the extra demand but there is a limit to the size. Chronic renal failure, will cause a decrease in the serum Ca and and will cause parathyroid hyperplasia.

Front 27

What is compensatory hyperplasia

Back 27

When one kidney Is removed the other shows an increase in size

Front 28

How does atrophy happen in cardiac myocyte

Back 28

It can increase some kinases that can inhibit apoptosis

Front 29

What effect does hypertrophy have on cancer

Back 29

It can increase the incidence of cancer

Front 30

What is metaplasia

Back 30

Metaplasia is changing one mature differentiated cell type for another,

Front 31

Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible

Back 31

Meataplasia is reversible change

Front 32

What is the most common example of metaplasia

Back 32

Change of columnar epithelia to stratified squamous in smokers, or change in transitional epithelia of the bladder due to stones or pancreatic/bile ducts changing their epithelia due to caliculi

Front 33

What are caliculi

Back 33

stones

Front 34

What is the role of metaplsia in the esophagus? Muscle? LOOK AT PAGE 19-23!!!!!!!!!

Back 34

It is a shift of stratified squamous epithelia irritated by the gastric acid to mucous secreting columnar epithelia that resemble the lining of stomach or intestine. Chronic trauma to the muscle or loose connective tissue will lead to metaplastic bone formation

Front 35

what is mechanism of metaplasia

Back 35

It is reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of GF and in case of inflammatory metaplasia, it is under cytokine control

Front 36

If un checked, metaplasia can differentiate in to ?

Back 36

Neoplasms, it has a strong propensity to neoplastic changes leading to malignancy

Front 37

What is dysplasia

Back 37

It is a carcinoma in situ