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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 different mechanisms of apoptosis
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1. Intrinsic - damage or hormore induction causes an increase in mitochondrial permeability and release of CYTOCHROME C
2. Extrinsic - Fas-L binds with Fas receptor (CD95) 3. Extrinsic - T killer cell releases PERFORIN and GRANZYME B that leads to cell breakdown |
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Coagulative necrosis typically occurs in what organs?
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heart, liver, kidney
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Caseous necrosis can result from what?
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TB or systemic fungi
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Fatty necrosis typically occurs in what organ(s)?
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pancreas
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BAX is a _ factor. What does it do?
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pro-apoptotic, it causes release of Cytochrome C from the Mitochondris
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BCL-2 is a _ factor
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anti-apoptotic factor
Low levels of BCL2 trigger the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria |
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Red infarcts occur in _ tissues, such as _, _, _, and occur after _
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occur in loose tissues with collaterals, such as Liver, lungs, or intestine. Occur after Reperfusion
REd=REperfusion |
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Pale Infarcts occur in _ tissues, such as _, _, and _
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solid tissues (with single blood supply), such as heart, kidney, and spleen
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Acute inflammation is mediated by _
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and antibodies.
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Chronic Inflammation is mediated by _
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mononuclear cells.
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A granuloma results from _, and is characterized by _
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chronic inflammation
epithelioid macrophages and giant cells |
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Neutrophils exit from blood vessels at sites of tissue injury in 4 steps. What are they?
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1. Rolling
2. Tight binding (dt ICAM 1 and LFA 1) 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration |
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Free radicals can be eliminated by _
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catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, antioxidants
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On a cellular lever, what causes granulomatous diseases?
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Th1 cells secrete gamma interferon which activated macrophages. Macrophages release TNF alpha which induce and maintain granuloma formation
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Sickle cell, polycythemia, and CHF will result in an ESR that is _ than normal
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less
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An increased ESR can be due to _
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Infections, inflammation, cancer, pregnancy, or SLE
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(T/F) Cardiac muscle undergoes hyperplasia when it undergoes an increase in stress, such as systemic hypertension
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False.
Permanent tissues such as cardiac, skeletal muscle, and nerve cannot undergo hyperplasia, and only undergo hypertrophy in response to increased stress |
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Regarding atrophy: a decrease in cell number occurs via _, and a decrease in cell size is due to _
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apoptosis
Ubiquitin - proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components |
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_ is failure of cell production during embryogenesis
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aplasia
(ie unilateral renal agenesis) |
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_ is a decrease in cell production during embryogeneis, resulting in a small organ
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Hypoplasia (streak ovary in Turners)
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_ is a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. This can be due to _, _, _, _
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hypoxemia
high altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch |
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In CO poisoning, PaO2 is _, and SaO2 is _. The classic clinical finding of CO poisoning is _
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normal
decreased cherry red skin. early sign of exposure is headache |
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In methemoglobinemia, PaO2 is _, and SaO2 is _. The classic finding is _, and treatment is _
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normal, decreased
cyanosis with chocolate colored blood IV methylene blue, which helps reduce Fe3+ back to Fe2+ |
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The hallmark of reversible cell injury is _
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cellular swelling
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Cytochrome C leaking into the cytosol triggers _
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apoptosis
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The morphological hallmark of cell death is loss of the nucleus, which occurs via _, _ and _.
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nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and dissolution (karyolysis)
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Classic coagulative necrosis appears _
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wedge shaped with a pale area in the middle
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Apoptosis is mediated by _ that activate _ and _
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caspases that activate proteases and endonucleases.
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The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves cellular injury, dna damage or loss of hormonal stimulation that leads to inactivation of _.
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bcl2
lack of bcl2 allows cytochrome c to leak from the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytoplasm |
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What happens to the cell when FAS ligand bind CD95?
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It leads to apoptosis (activates caspases
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Cytotoxic T cells can trigger apoptosis by doing what?
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releasing perforins that create pores in the membranes,
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Nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia, and tongue enlargement are clinical findings of what disorder
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systemic amyloidosis
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