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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Q: Define anemia.
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-a reduction in the total circulating RBC mass
-laboratory diagnosis related to decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBC c ount -values are affected by changes in plasma volume concentrations (via dehydration and pregnancy) |
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Q: How does pregnancy cause anemia?
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-adult female loses an average of 2 mg of iron daily leading to anemia, must intake a similar amount to make up for this loss
-also loses 500 mg of iron with each pregnancy as opposed to 4-100 during period |
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Q: What are the different ways to classify anemias?
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-by severity, by pathogenesis, by RBC loss, by RBC morphology
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Q: Describe the classification of anemia by severity.
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-mild-males (Hgb < 14 or Hct < 42), females (Hgb < 12 or Hct < 36)
-moderate-Hct < 30 -severe -Hct < 20 |
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Q: Describe the classification of anemia by pathogenesis.
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1. factor deficient anemia (deficiency of raw materials)
(a) iron deficiency (b) Vitamin B12 and/or folic acid (c) Vitamin B6 2. production-deficient anemia (failure of the blood forming organs to produce or deliver mature RBCs to the peripheral blood) (a) myelophthisic anemia - replacement of bone marrow by tumor (primary or metastatic) (b) myelofibrosis (c) hypoplasia=toxic suppression by chemicals (drugs, poisons) or associated with various diseases (chronic renal failure - severe infection - arthritis, collagen diseases - etc., e.g., hypothyroidism) |
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Q: Describe the classification of anemia by RBC loss (depletion anemia).
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-hemorrhage (acute, chronic)
-hemolytic anemia (DEC RBC survival time) -hypersplenism (sequestration) |
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Q: Describe the classification of anemia by RBC morphology.
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-based on morphologic appearance of RBCs
(1) microcytic (2) normocytic (3) macrocytic -based on intracellular hemoglobin concentration (1) hypochromic (2) normochromic -example: normocytic, normochromic anemia |
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Q: What are the general clinical features of anemia?
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-Pallor
-Weakness and fatigue -Dyspnea and exertion -Sometimes brittle and loose nails (koilonychia)-especially with iron deficiency -Headaches, light-headedness, faintness -Acute blood loss: shock, renal failure, etc. |
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Q: What are the compensatory mechanisms of anemia?
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-Increased cardiac output
-Increased respiratory rate -Shunting of blood flow to vital organs -Right shifted oxygen-dissociation curve -Increased production of erythropoietin |
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Q: What are the different genetic causes of anemia?
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-hemoglobinopathies
-enzyme abnormalities -intrinsic defects of RBC membranes -abetalipoproteinemia |
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Q: What are the nutritional causes of anemia?
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-deficiency
-malnutrition -starvation |
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Q: What are the different immunological causes of anemia?
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-alloantibodies
-autoantibodies |
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Q: What else can cause anemia?
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-hemorrhage
-drugs and chemicals |
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Q: What are some physical agenst that can cause anemia?
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-burns
-trauma -prosthetic valves and surfaces |
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Q: What are some infection agents that can cause anemia?
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-protozoal (malaria, toxoplasmosis, babesiosis)
-bacterial (gram negative species, clostridia) |
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Q: What are some chronic illnesses that cause anemia?
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-renal disease
-neoplasia -collagen vascular disease -hepatic disease -chronic infections |
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Q: What are some thrombotic diseases that can cause anemia?
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-DIC
-TTP -HUS |
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Q: What are some conditions that produce or contribute to false anemais?
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-Overhydration or rehydration of a dehydrated patient
-Specimen obtained with intravenous (IV) fluid running -Fluid retention -Pregnancy -Hypoalbuminemia -Posture changes (from upright to recumbent) |
