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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do hypersensitivity reactions mean?
(2) |
*they are immune responses
*they lead to inflammation and consecutive tissue damage |
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which cells are the cellular mediators of tissue injury in anaphylactic hypersensitivity?
(2) |
*mast cells
*circulating basophil granulocytes |
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which cells of an inflammatory exudate indicate anaphylactic reaction?
(1) |
*eosinophil granulocytes
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what is the mechanism of tissue injury in type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity?
(2) |
*activation of complement
*accumulation and activation of neutrophil granulocytes |
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what kind of tissue damage is typical for type III hypersensitivity?
(1) |
fibrinoid necrosis in vessel walls (e.g necrotizing vasculitis)
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which cells are the effector cells in the delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity?
(1) |
epitheloid cells that are transformed from macrophages
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how long does it take from the Ag exposure (e.g skin) to develop a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction?
(1) |
2-3 days
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how long does it take from Ag exposire to develop a granuloma?
(1) |
2-3 weeks
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what is the mechanism of killing the target cells in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic reactions?
(2) |
*osmotic lysis based on membrane perforation
*induction of apoptosis by Fas-ligand binding |
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which are the 3 commonest soft tissue tumors?
(3) |
*lipoma
*fibroma *leiomyoma |
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what is the commonest site of a leiomyoma?
(1) |
*myometrium
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what are the features of myxoma?
(2) |
*it is a tumor composed of gelatinous CT
*its structure is similar to the fetal Wharton's jelly |
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what is the main cell type in xanthoma?
(1) |
*lipoid storing histiocytes
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how are benign blood vessel tumors called?
(1) |
*hemangioma
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what are the two major forms of hemangiomas?
(2) |
*cavernous hemangioma
*capillary |
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what is a biopsy?
(1) |
a tissue sample taken for diagnostic histopathological evaluation
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what is the basic principle of immunohistochemical methods?
(2) |
*specific binding of Ag by test Ab
*the Ab are labeled by an enzymatic reaction (e.g peroxidase) or with a fluorescent dye |
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what is telepathology?
(1) |
a histopathological consultation method based on the electronic transmission of images
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what are the conditions of primary wound healing?
(4) |
*the wound is caused by a sharp, clean devices
*there is little tissue damage *there is a good apposition of edges *there is little bleeding and inflammation |
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explain the sequence of primary wound healing?
(4) |
*the wound edges are held together by fibrin, than by fibroblasts
*a small amount of granulation tissue is produced *a small amount of collagen is synthesized *the remaining scar is delicate |
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give an example of primary wound healing?
(1) |
wound healing after plastic surgery
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what are the characteristics of secondary wound healing?
(3) |
*large tissue destruction
*a lot of tissue debris *infection and inflammatory reaction develop |
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explain the sequence of secondary wound healing?
(3) |
*the wound cavity is gradually filled with granulation tissue
*massive collagen production *terminates with a large scar |
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give an example of secondary wound healing?
(2) |
*dog bite
*burning |
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from what source may stem cells be acquired for therapeutical purposes?
(2) |
*BM or peripheral blood of adults (adult stem cells)
*from cells of an early embryo (embryonic stem cells) |
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what are the forms of amyloid?
(2) |
*amyloid AA (amyloid associated) occuring in patients with chronic diseases associated with pronounced tissue destruction
*amyloid AL (amyloid light chain) occuring in patients with abnormal proliferation of cells of B lymphocytic origin |
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what is the common feature of the molecular structure of different types of amyloid?
(1) |
beta pleated sheet molecular conformation of the amyloid fibrils
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how can you detect amyloid in a histologically?
(2) |
*congo red staining
*bi-refringance in polarized light |
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what is dyplasia?
(3) |
*preneoplastic condition
*it occurs principally in the epithelium *early recognition and surgical removal prevents tumor formation |
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what are the morphological signs of dysplasia?
(4) |
*nuclear and cellular polymorphism
*the cell nuclei are hyperchromatic *number of mitotic figures increases *disturbed cell polarity |
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CIN is the acronym for?
(1) |
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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what is the meaning of the CIN categories?
(1) |
they mark the severity of the precancerous condition within the squamous epithelium of the cervix
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what does CIN III mean?
(3) |
*dysplasia of the whole thinkness of epithelium
*the basement membrane is still intact, there are no signs of invasive growth *it is called in sity carcinoma |
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what does the stage of tumors mean?
(1) |
the extension of the tumor
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what does TNM classification represent?
(3) |
*the local extent of the tumor (T)
*lymph node involvment (N) *presence of metastasis (M) |
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what is the basis of tumor ploidy determination?
(1) |
the quantitation of the amount of DNA binding stain
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what is the DNA index?
(1) |
DNA content of tumor cell/DNA content of normal cells
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what is homeostasis?
(2) |
*physiological steady state
*ability for adaptation |
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what is the meaning of atrophy?
(1) |
reduction of the functional cell volume
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which are the factors leading to atrophy?
(5) |
*reduced activity
*reduced blood supply *unsatisfactory alimentation *lapse of nerve stimulation *lack of hormonal stimulation |
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what are the main mechanisms of atrophy?
(2) |
*the ubiquitin-proteosome system
*cellular autophagy |
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what is involution?
(2) |
*reduction of the volume of the functional cells by atrophy (simple atrophy)
*reduction of the number of the functional cells by apoptosis (numerical atrophy) |
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what is hypertrophy?
(1) |
organ or tissue enlargement by the increase of the volume of individual cells
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what is hyperplasia?
(1) |
organ or tissue enlargement by the increase of the number of cells
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what is the mechanism of hypoxic or toxic cellular swelling?
(1) |
sodium and water influx into the cells
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what is cell necrosis?
(2) |
*cell or tissue death in a living organism
*the sum of morphological changes occuring within dead cells in a living enviroment |
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what are the commonest forms of coagulative necrosis?
(5) |
*infarction
*caseous necrosis *Zenker type necrosis *slough necrosis *fibrinoid necrosis |
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what is the liquefactive necrosis?
(2) |
*occurs in tissues rich in fluid and lipoid substances and poor in proteins
*predominant swelling and liquefaction |
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what is the pathomechanism of enzymatic fat cell necrosis?
(3) |
*escape of pancreatic lipase
*neutral fat is digested into fatty acid and glycerol *formation of calcium soaps from fatty acids |
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which are important systems of tumor chracterization with respect to prognosis and treatment?
(2) |
*histopathological grading
*pathological staging |
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what is the pathology based definition of anaplasia?
(1) |
lack of cellular differentiation
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what types of tumor progression are you aware of?
(2) |
*clinical progression
*biological/histopathological progression |
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what is the main point of molecular cancr screening?
(2) |
*detection of germ line mutations,
*that may be associated with genetic disorders which may predispose for cancer |
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what are the manifestations of gene amplification in chromosomal preparations?
(2) |
*chromosomally integrated homogenous staining region (HSR)
*extra chromosomal double minutes |
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name 2 gene amplification with important clinical impact
(2) |
*N-MYC gene amplification in neuroblastomas
*HER-2/NEU amplification in breast cancer |
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list 2 well known prognostic histopathological systems?
(2) |
*Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) in breast cancer
*Gleason score in prostate cancer |
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what is the basis of different skin colors?
(2) |
*the intensity of melanin synthesis in the melanocyts
*the number of melanocytes in the skin doesn't differ |
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what is melanocytic naevus?
(1) |
benign tumor of melanocytes
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which are the forms of melanocytic naevi?
(3) |
*junctional naevus
*compound naevus *intradermal naevus |
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what is the precancerous lesion of malignant melanom?
(1) |
dysplastic naevus
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what are the risk factors for metastatis in malignant melanoma?
(4) |
*depth of penetration
*mitotic rate *epidermal ulceration *epitheloid cell type |
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what is congestion?
(1) |
intravascular stasis
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what is hyperemia?
(1) |
increased blood content in small vessels of tissues and organs
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what is the definition of oedema?
(1) |
extravascular and interstitial accumulation of transudate fluid
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what are the morphologic features of oedema?
(2) |
*macro: tissue swelling, increase in weight
*micro: widening of the EC space |
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what kinds of pathomechanisms may lead to oedema?
(4) |
*rise in hydrostatic pressure
*drop of plasma oncotic pressure *increase of vascular premeability lymphatic stasis |
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name examples of increased hydrostatic pressure
(4) |
*heart failure
*venous thrombosis *hepatic cirrhosis with vascular decompensation *pregnancy |
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name examples of decreased plasma oncotic pressure
(4) |
*chronic renal failure
*hepatic cirrhosis with parenchymal decompensation *starvation *low protein malnutrition |
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give examples of oedema caused by lymphatic congestion
(3) |
*excision of a lymph node
*neoplasia of lymph nodes *inlammation and scarring of lymph nodes |
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what is thrombosis?
(1) |
intravascular coagulation of blood in living organism
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what types of thrombi do you know?
(5) |
*red thrombus-coagulation
*white thrombus-precipitation *mixed or laminated thrombus *hyalin thrombus *complex thrombus |
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what types of thrombosis can be distinguished?
(3) |
*arterial
*venous *intracavital thrombus of the heart |
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what facilitates the development of thrombosis?
(4) |
*endothelial lesion
*deceleration of the blood flow *dilatated vessels *increased blood coagulation |
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what is embolisation?
(2) |
*intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous material that is carried by the blood stream
*causes obstruction of an artery |
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what forms of emboli can be differentiated?
(2) |
*endogenous
*exogenous |
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what are the sources of endogenous emboli?
(7) |
*thrombus
*tissue particles *cells *fat *amniotic fluid *atheroma *gas ambolisation |
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what are the sources of exogenous emboli?
(2) |
*air embolisation
*foreign body |
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what is haemorrhage?
(1) |
extravasation of all of the components of blood in a living organism
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what are the causes of haemorrhage?
(2) |
*discontinuity of the vessel wall
*step-over bleeding |
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what are the causes of haemorrhagia per rhexim?
(2) |
*injury of the vessel wall
*spontaneous rupoture of the vessel wall |
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what are the causes of haemorrhagia per arrosionem?
(3) |
*ulcer
*inflammation *tumor |
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what is haemothorax?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the thorax
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what is haemopericardium?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity
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what is the medical expression for the accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity?
(1) |
haemoperitoneum or haemascos
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what is "haemocephalus internus"?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the cerebral ventricles
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what is "haemocephalus externus"?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the subarchnoidal spaces
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what is "haematometra"?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the uterine cavity
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what is "haemarthros"?
(1) |
accumulation of blood in the synovial cavity
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what is "petechia"?
(1) |
small, spot like, 1-2 mm in dimeter bleeding
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what is "purpura"?
(1) |
multiple, small bleedings ranging in diameter from 3mm to 1 cm
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what is "suffusio" or "sugillatio"?
(1) |
lamellar bleeding in the subcutaneous CT
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what is "haematoma"?
(1) |
extensive interstitial bleeding causing volume expansion
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what is "ecchymosis"?
(1) |
1-2 cm in diameter or larger patchy, mostly subcutaneous bleeding
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what is "apoplexia"?
(1) |
bleeding causing tissue destruction
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what is "exsanguinatio"?
(1) |
loosing a significant amound of blood in a short time; bleeding to death
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what is the medical expression for blood in the urine?
(1) |
haematuria
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what is the medical expression for bloody vomit?
(1) |
haematemesis
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what is the medical expression for blood in the sputum?
(1) |
haemoptoe
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what is the medical expression for nose bleeding?
(1) |
epistaxis
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what is the medical expression for the stool containing digested blood?
(1) |
melena
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what is the medical expression for the stool contaning fresh blood?
(1) |
haematocchesia
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what is the classification of the inflammation according to extension?
(2) |
*local
*generalized |
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what is the classification of the inflammation according to its duration?
(4) |
*hyperacute
*acute *sub-acute *chronic |
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what are the factors influencing the outcome of inflammation?
(4) |
*the nature of the inducing factor
*the intensity/virulence of the inducting factor *location of the inflammation *immune responses |
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what does pus contain?
(4) |
*tissue debris
*fibrin *neutrophil granulocytes *bacteria |
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what are the classical signs of acute inflammation?
(5) |
*rubor
*tumor *calor *dolor *functio laesa |
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how do we categorise acute inflammation regarding the exudate?
(5) |
*serous
*fibrinous *purulent or suppurative *haemorrhagic *gangrenous |
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what is characteristic for serous inflammation?
(3) |
*occurs in tissue interstitium and cavities of the body
*presents as serum like fluid *mildest form of inflammation |
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what is characteristic for fibrinous inflammation?
(3) |
*starts with serous exudation
*the exudate becomes sero-fibrinous *thick layer of fibrin may precipitate |
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what is characteristic for purulent inflammation?
(3) |
*usually is the result of bacterial inferctions
*leukodiapedesis *pus production |
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what is folliculitis?
(1) |
purulent inflammation of the skin's hair follicles
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what is the name of the deep inflammation affecting sebaceous glands?
(1) |
furuncule
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what is carbuncule?
(1) |
deep inflammation developed by the fusion of furuncules
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what is pustule?
(1) |
pus filled vesicles of the superficial epidermis
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what is charachteristic for a chronic abscess?
(3) |
*it is lined with a thick wall
*the inner layer is the pyogenic wall *the outer layer is the hypocellular scar tissue |
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how do we call pus within an anatomical cavity?
(1) |
empyema
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what is a phlegmone?
(1) |
inflammatory exudate spreading freely along the tissue interstitium
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what is characteristic for hemorrhagic inflammation?
(4) |
*endothelial injury
*erythrodiapedesis *blood stained exudate *may follow serous or purulent inflammation |
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what is characterstic for gangrenous inflammation?
(4) |
*exudation and proliferation are less important
*the dominant feature is the tissue necrosis *the immune respone is deficient *the inducing microorganisms are putrifying bacterias |
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what are the types of gangrene?
(2) |
*dry
*wet |
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what could be the outcome of the acute inflammation?
(4) |
*complete healing
*fibrosis or scar *abscess formation *chronic inflammation |
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what are the types of chronic inflammation?
(3) |
*immune mediated chronic inflammation
*non immune mediated chronic inflammation *granulomatous inflammation |
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what are the steps of tissue regeneration?
(4) |
*production of granulation tissue
*remodeling of granulation tissue *fibrosis *scar |
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what are the types of wound healing?
(3) |
*primary wound healing
*under scale wound healing *secondary wound healing |
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a large number of eosinophil granulocytes indicates that cause of the inflammation is
(3) |
*allergic
*fungal *parasitic |
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a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells indicate that the cause of the inflammation is
(1) |
chronic or immunomediated inflammation
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the presence of epitheloid type macrophages indicate that the cause of the inflammation is
(1) |
type IV immunomediated inflammation
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what are the main reasons of anemia?
(3) |
*decrease in RBC production
*hemolysis *bleeding |
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what are the circumstanses leading to iron deficiency anemia?
(5) |
*low iron intake
*iron malabsorption *increased iron demands *chronic blood loss *malignant diseases |
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what are the major features of aplastic anemia?
(3) |
*BM stem cell disease
*trilinear BM aplasia *pancytopenia |
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which are the chronic myeloproliferative diseases?
(4) |
*chronic myelogenous leukemia
*essential thrombocytemia *polycythemia vera *chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis |
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what are the phases of CML?
(3) |
*chronic phase
*accelerated phase *blastic crisis |
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what are the characteristic genetic abnormality in CML?
(1) |
philadelphia translocation
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what are the phases of polycythemia vera and what are their characteristics?
(2) |
*proliferative phase: trilinear proliferation
*potpolycythemic phase: myelofibrosis |
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what are the characteristics of essential thrombocytemia?
(3) |
*isolated BM megakaryocytic proliferation
*chronic elevation of platelt count *increased tendency for thrombosis |
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what are the characteristic signs of myelofibrosis?
(3) |
*collagen fibrosis in the BM
*extramedullary haematopoesis *leukoerythroblastic blood smear |
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what is refractory anemia refractory for?
(1) |
vitamin substitution therapy
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what are the factors influencing the outcome of myelodysplastic syndromes?
(2) |
*insufficient blood cell production
*blastic transformation |
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what is the basic requirement for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia?
(1) |
the blast rate in the BM is higher than 20%
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how do we classify lymphomas according to the clinical course?
(2) |
*indolent
*aggressive |
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how do we classify lymphomas according to the cellular differentiation?
(2) |
*precurser
*peripherial |
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what is MGUS?
(1) |
monoclonal gammaopathy of undertermined significance
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what are the characteristic features of plasma cell myeloma?
(4) |
*monoclonal plasma cell proliferation
*monoclonal gammopathy *osteolytic bone lesions *pathologic fractures |
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what are the types of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
(2) |
*nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma
*classical Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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which cells are typical for Hodgkin's lymphoma?
(3) |
*Hodgkin cells
*mirror image cells *Sternberg Reed cells |
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based on the nature of presentation, Burkitt's lymphoma can be
(3) |
*endemic
*sporadic *immunodeficiency associated |
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what are the most frequent sites of extranodal lymphomas?
(4) |
*GI tract
*skin *respiratory tract *mediastinum |
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what does the abbreviation MALT stand for?
(1) |
mucusa associated lymphoid tissue
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which microorganism has a causative role in the development of the MALT lymphomas of the stomach?
(1) |
Helicobacter pylori
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what is mycosis fungoids?
(1) |
the commonest cutaneous T cell lymphoma
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what is Sezary syndrome?
(1) |
leukemic manifestation of the mycosis fungoids
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