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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What mediates apoptosis?
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Caspases
-requires ATP |
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Define karyorrhexis and karyolysis
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Karyorrhexis- nuclear fragmentation
Karyolysis- nuclear fading |
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What is a main difference between apoptosis and necrosis? (think inflammation)
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Apoptosis- no inflammation
necrosis- inflammation present (due to release of intracellular components) |
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Name which organs undergoes these types of necrosis.
coagulative liquefactive caseous fat fibrinoid gangrenous |
coagulative- heart, liver, kidney
liquefactive- brain caseous- TB fat- pancreas fibrinoid - blood vessels gangrenous - limbs, GI tract |
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What are some chemoattractant substances for neutrophils?
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C5a, IL-8
Kallikrein Leukotriene B4 |
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What cytokines mediate granuloma formation?
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IL-2
IFN- gamma |
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What is the specific gravity of a transudate?
What are some causes? |
SG < 1.012
Increase in hydrostatic pressure Decrease oncotic pressure Na rentention |
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What is the specific gravity for an exudate?
what are some causes of exudates? |
Specific gravity > 1.020
due to lymphatic obstruction inflammation |
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What are some causes of a decrease ESR?
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sickle cell anemia
Polycythemia (increase # of cells) CHF the cells settle slower |
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What are some causes of an increase ESR?
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cancer
infection pregnancy CT diseases (SLE) anemia usually associated with Ab formation |
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What mediates PMN rolling?
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E selectin and P selsectin on endothlium
Sialyl lewis X on leukocyte |
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How does a leukocyte get tight binding?
"hold on tight to your..." |
ICAM (vascular endothelium), VCAM
"hold on tight to your camera" binds to LFA-1 (integrin) on leukocyte |
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What is involved with diapedesis?
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diapedesis- travel between endothelial cells
PECAM-1 mediated |
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What activates ICAM, VCAM?
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IL-1, TNF-
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what is the purpose of exudate formation?
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1. dilute toxins
2. provide opsonins, Ab, complement |
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What activates neutrophil adhesion?
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Leukotriene B4, C5a, endotoxins
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what inhibits leukocyte adhesion?
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catecholamines
corticosteroids lithium |
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what is the mechanism of membrane lipid peroxidation?
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free radical damage
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what decays free radicals?
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catalase, superoxide dismutaase, glutathione peroxidase
spontaneous decay antioxidants (vit A, C, E) |
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What is defective in Chediak=Higashi syndrome?
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fusion of phagocytic vacuole and lysosomes
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What type of Amyloid protein seen with acute-phase reactants?
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AA (serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein)
seen with chronic disease |
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What type of amyloid is senile cardiac?
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Protein = transthyretin
derived from AF AF = old "fogies" |
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What type of amyloid is seen in DM type II?
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Amylin (protein)
derived from AE AE = (endocrine) |
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What type of amyloid is associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?
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A-CAL protein
derived from Calcitonin |
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What disease is related to B-amyloid?
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Alzheimers
B amyloid derived from amyloid precursor protein |
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What type of amyloid protein is associated with dialysis?
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B2 microglobulin
derived from MHC class I proteins |
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What type of amyloidosis is Cardiac amyloidosis?
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AL type
ATTR-type amyloid |
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what do neoplastic cells use to invade BM?
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collagenases and hydrolases
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what happens to the cadherin, laminin, and integrin receptor levels in metastasis?
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cadherin - decrease
laminin- increase integrin receptors - present |
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what is desmoplasia?
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fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
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what determines grade?
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cellular differention
MITOSIS / hpf |
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what neoplasm is associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum?
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Melanoma
basal cell CA SQUAMOS CELL CA |
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what neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, and mental retardation)
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astrocytoma
angiomyolipoma (renal tumor, seen bilaterally) cardiac rhabdomyoma |
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what neoplasm is associated with plummer vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia- all due to Fe deficiency)
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Squamos Cell CA of esophagus
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what neoplasm is associated with paget's disease of bone?
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secondary osteosarcoma
fibrosarcoma |
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what neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's thyoiditis, myasthenia gravis)?
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benign/ malignant lymphomas
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what neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigrans?
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visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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what neoplasm is associated with radiation exposure?
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sarcoma
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what neoplasm is associated with abl?
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CML
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what neoplasm is associated with c-myc?
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Burkitt Lymphoma
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what neoplasm is associated with bcl-2?
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follicular and undifferenitated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
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what neoplasm is associated with erb-B2?
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Breast
Ovarian Gastric |
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what neoplasm is associated with ras?
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colon carcinoma
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what neoplasm is associated with L-myc?
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lung tumor
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what neoplasm is associated with N-myc?
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neuroblastoma
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what neoplasm is associated with ret?
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MEN types II, and III
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what neoplasm is associated with c-kit?
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GI STROMAL TUMOR
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
Rb |
13q
Retinoblastoma Osteosarcoma |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
BRCA1 |
breast and ovarian cancer
17q |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
BRCA-2 |
13q
breast cancer |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
p53 |
17P
most human cancers Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
p16 |
9p
Melanoma |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
APC |
5q
colorectal cancer (FAP) |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
WT1 |
Wilm's tumor
11p |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
NF1 |
neurofibromatosis type I
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
NF2 |
neurofibromatosis type II
22q |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
DPC? |
Pancreatic neoplasm
18Q |
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oncogenes: Name the chromosome and neoplasm(s):
DCC |
18q
colon cancer |
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name the tumor.
prostatic acid phosphatase |
prostate
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name the tumor.
CEA |
colorectal and pancreatic cancers
gastric Breast CA |
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name the tumor.
alpha-FP |
fetus
HCC nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (yolk-sac tumor) |
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name the tumor.
b-HCG |
hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, gestational trophoblastic tumors
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name the tumor.
CA-125 |
Ovarian
malignant epithelial tumors |
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name the tumor.
S-100 |
Melanoma
neural tumors astrocytomas |
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name the tumor.
Alkaline phosphatase |
mets to bone, obstructive biliary disease
Paget's disease of bone |
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name the tumor.
Bombesin |
neuroblastoma
lung ca gastric CA |
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name the tumor.
TRAP |
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Hairy cell leukemia (B cell neoplasm) |
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name the tumor.
CA19-9 |
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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what does urinary hydroxyproline hint at?
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osteoclastic bone resorption
collagen breakdown |
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What organ does this toxin affect?
aflatoxin (prod. by aspergillus) |
liver (HCC)
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What organ does this toxin affect?
vinyl chloride |
liver (angiosarcoma)
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What organ does this toxin affect?
CCl4 |
liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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What organ does this toxin affect? nitrosamines (smoked foods)
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esophagus
stomach |
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What organ does this toxin affect?
cigarette smoke |
larynx (SCC),
Lung (SCC, small cell CA) kidney (Renal Cell CA) Bladder (transitional cell CA) |
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What organ does this toxin affect?
asbestos |
lung (meosthelioma, bronchogenic CA)
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What organ does this toxin affect?
arsenic |
skin (SCC)
liver (angiosarcoma) |
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What organ does this toxin affect?
naphthalene (aniline) dyes |
bladder (transitional cell CA)
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What organ does this toxin affect?
alkylating agents |
blood (leukemia)
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
ACTH / ACTH-like peptide? |
small cell lung CA
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
ADH? |
small cell lung CA
intracranial neoplasms |
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
PTH-rp, TGF-B, TNF- IL-1 |
squamos cell lung CA
Renal cell carcinoma Breast carcinoma |
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
EPO |
RCC
hemangioblastoma |
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
Antibodies to presynaptic Ca channels at neuromuscular junctions? |
thymoma
small cell lung CA |
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what paraneoplasm causes increased:
hyperuricemia |
leukemias/lymphomas
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what malignancies have psammoma bodies?
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Papillary adenoCA of thyroid
serous papillary cystadeocarcinoma of ovary meningioma maligant mesothelioma PSoMMoma: Papillary Serous Meningioma Mesothelioma |
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what tumors often met to brain?
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lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI
"Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia" seen at gray-white border |
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what tumors often met to liver?
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Colon>stomach>pancreas>breast>lung
"cancer sometimes penetrates benign liver" |
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What tumors often met to bone?
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*Prostate (blastic)
Thyroid Testes Breast * (both lytic and blastic) Lung (lytic) Kidney PT Barnum loves Kids |
