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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue |
A tissue is made up of a group of cells that usually look similar and come from the same region |
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Organ |
A group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function |
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Aetiology |
Cause of the disease |
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Pathogenesis |
Mechanism causing the disease |
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Complications and sequelae |
Secondary and remote consequences of the disease |
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Prognosis |
Anticipated course of disease (cure, remission) or fate of the patient |
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Epidemiology |
incidence, prevalence and population distribution |
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Symptom |
What the patient complains of |
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Sign |
A feature that can be observed |
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Morbidity |
State of being diseased or unhealthy within a population |
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Mortality |
Number of people who died |
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Prevalence |
Total number of cases of disease existing in a population |
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Incidence |
A person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time |
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Syndrome |
A collection of sign and symptoms that are observed and characteristics of a single condition |
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Pathognomonic |
A particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present (beyond doubt) |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in cell and organ volume (No new cells, larger cells) |
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Hyperplasia |
Increase in cell numbers (Usually increase in size of organ) (Reversible) |
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Atrophy |
Waste away, as a result of the degeneration of cells |
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Metaplasia |
Conversion of on cell type (typically a differentiated cell type) to another during post natal life |
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Dysplasia |
A premalignant state Increased mitosis, partial differentiation Typically epithelia |
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Renewing Tissue |
Spatial separation of proliferating unit to the differentiated cells Limited life-span of individual cells Differentiated cells no longer able to proliferate |
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Expanding tissue |
No growth zone No separation of proliferating unit to differentiated cells Life-span not reduced Differentiated cells able to proliferate |
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Stable (Post-mitotic) tissue |
No growth zone Life-long survival of cells Able to repair itself (regenerate) Hyperplasia cannot occur in stable cell but they can increase in size (hypertrophy) |
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Endoderm |
Innermost layer Digestive organs Lungs Kidneys |
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Mesoderm |
Middle layer Muscles Skeleton Blood system |
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Ectoderm |
Outer layer Brain Nervous system Skin Hair |
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Anlage |
Primitive mass of cells |
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Aplasia |
Complete failure of an organ to develop (Anlage present) |
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Agenesis
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Complete failure of an organ to develop (no anlage present) |
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Hypoplasia |
Reduction in size of an organ due to a decrease in number of cells |
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Atrophy |
Decrease in size of an organ due to a decrease in number of preexisting cells |
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Totipotency |
Potential to give rise to a functional organism with all its cell lineages. In mammals exclusively the zygote and the first four to eight blastomeres are totipotent |
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Pluripotency |
Potential to give rise to all somatic lineages of the body e.g. embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cells but NOT placental tissue |
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Multipotency |
Ability of adult stem cell to form multiple cell types of one lineage e.g. hematopoietic stem cells |
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Unipotency |
Cells form one cell type; e.g. spermatogonial stem cells, which at least under natural conditions are only able to generate sperms |
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Teratoma |
A multi-layered benign tumour that grows from pluripotent cells injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice |
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Mendelian genetic diseases |
Single gene Autosomal domninant Autosomal recessive X-linked |
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Multifactorial genetic diseases |
Combined action of multiple genes |
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Cytogenetic genetic diseases |
Abnormal number of chromosomes or major structural changes |
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Embryo |
Fertilisation until end of 8 weeks (by which time major organs are formed) |
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Foetus |
From nine weeks in utero up to birth |
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Neonate |
First 4 weeks from birth |
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Infant |
First year of life |
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Malformation |
Defective organogenesis |
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Dysplasias |
Abnormal cell or tissue structure |
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Deformations |
Mechanical induced changes of normal tissue |
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Down's syndrome |
Cardiac, Brain and gastrointestinal defects along with dysmorphic features (hands and face) |
