Pathology

Front 1

diuresis:

Back 1

excess urine output

Front 2

anuria:

Back 2

no output

Front 3

dyuria:

Back 3

painful urination

Front 4

oliguria:

Back 4

less than normal urine output

Front 5

polyuria:

Back 5

more than normal output

Front 6

pyuria:

Back 6

wbcs in urine

Front 7

glycosuria:

Back 7

glucose in urine (from diabetes mellitus)

Front 8

proteinuria:

Back 8

more than 150 mg of protein a day excreted

Front 9

azotemia:

Back 9

renal failure only manifested in lab results and no symptoms

Front 10

uremia:

Back 10

blood in urine, is renal failure with clinical signs

Front 11

normal urine excreted per day

Back 11

3L

Front 12

renin-angiotensin system:

Back 12

angiotension II > increase in renin which causes increased pressure in capillary loop

Front 13

ADH:

Back 13

antidiuretic H
stored in and released in posterior lobe of pituitary gland
-absorbs water

Front 14

glomerular symptoms:

Back 14

hematuria, proteinuria

Front 15

tubular symptoms:

Back 15

oliguria, anuria

Front 16

creatine clearance:

Back 16

130 ml>min
measures GFR

Front 17

cystogram/IV pyelogram:

Back 17

inject dye to see kidneys

Front 18

cystoscopy:

Back 18

see kidneys with scope

Front 19

agenesis:

Back 19

one kidney

Front 20

polycystic kidney disease:

Back 20

kidneys have cysts with no functioning parts
-common cause of kidney failure
-autosomal dominant (common)
-autosomal recessive (rare)

Front 21

cystitis:

Back 21

-more in women
-symptoms: pain, frequency
-involves kidney infection up ureters to kidney

Front 22

pyelonephritis:

Back 22

-see PMNs in urine
-usually ascending: begins in bladder and travels to kidney
-more than 100,000 colonies of bacteria/mL urine
-papillae in kidney pelvis act to protect kidney from reflux
-normally at poles of kidney

Front 23

obstructive uropathy:

Back 23

congenital or acquired obstruction (stone, prostate, malignancy)

Front 24

acute tubular necrosis:

Back 24

reversible
-signs: normal glomeruli, large lumen in tubules, no epithelial cells
-oliguria
-symptoms: oliguria, urine not concentrated
-from: trauma, cocaine use, pre-renal failure
-types: ischemic and toxic

Front 25

ischemic acute tubular necrosis:

Back 25

-hypotension: low pressure
-hypovolemic: low volume

Front 26

glomerular disease:

Back 26

-most autoimmune
-signs: nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome

Front 27

nephrotic syndrome signs

Back 27

signs of glomerular disease
-proteinuria >3.5g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperdipidemia

Front 28

nephritic syndrome signs

Back 28

signs of glomerular disease
-active urinary sediment (RBC, WBC, Casts present
-associated with hypertension
-results in renal failure

Front 29

casts:

Back 29

protein from in lumen of kidney tubules

Front 30

nephrotic syndrome diseases

Back 30

minimal change disease
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
membranous glomerulopathy
membranoproliferative glomerulopathy
amyloidosis
diabetes mellitus

Front 31

nephritic syndrome diseases

Back 31

post-infectious glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
systemmic lupus erythematosus
renal vasculitis
goodpasture's syndrome

Front 32

minimal change disease:

Back 32

nephrotic syndrome
-in kids
-non-immune
-steroid responsive
-hematuria
-selective proteinuria (large amts of albumin)
-use electron microscope-->see fused foot processes of BM fused

Front 33

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis:

Back 33

nephrotic syndrome
-non-immune
-hypertension
-non-selective proteinuria
-hematuria
-gradual decline in GFR
-more in males
-steroid resistant

Front 34

membranous glomerulopathy

Back 34

nephrotic syndrome
-immune complex mediated (IgG deposits)
-poorly responsive to steroids
-spontaneous remission
-more in men
-proteinuria

Front 35

membranoproliferative glomerulopathy:

Back 35

nephrotic syndrome
-in late childhood
-hematuria
-hepatitis C
-immune deposits in BM (not in capillary loops)
-C3 complement decreased

Front 36

amyloidosis:

Back 36

nephrotic syndrome
-amyloid deposits in glomerluous
-proteinuria
-kidneys enlarged
-types: primary and secondary

Front 37

diabetes mellitus

Back 37

nephrotic syndrome
-microalbuminuria
-type 1: proteinuria (reversible)
-presence of kimmelstiel wilson nodules

Front 38

diabetic retinopathy:

Back 38

amount of proteinura correlates with prognosis
(part of diabetes mellitus)

Front 39

post-infectious glomerulonephritis:

Back 39

aka: glomerulonephritis
nephritic syndrome
-from strep infection
-immune complex mediated
-cell proliferation in glomeruli
-hematuria
-hypertension, peripheral edema
-spontaneous remits
-good prognosis

Front 40

IgA nephropathy:

Back 40

most common form of glomerulonephritis
-immune or metabolic mediated
-IgA deposits in mesangium
-hematuria and proteinuria
-hypertension
-in young adults (males)
-unresponsive to treatment

Front 41

lupus:

Back 41

nephrotic syndrome
-immune complex mediated
-complexes in glomerulus

Front 42

renal vasculitis:

Back 42

nephrotic syndrome
-non-immune mediated
-cause hep B
-wegener's granulomatosis (antibodies act against oweints in kidney)
-giant cell arteritis
-fast progression to renal failure
-

Front 43

goodpasture's syndrome:

Back 43

nephritic syndrome
-antibody mediated to GBM
-antibodies react with BM
-rapid progression
-treat early
-affects kidney and lungs

Front 44

neoplastic disease in bladder

Back 44

-hematuria
-transitional cell carcinoma
-older
-cause: smoking

Front 45

renal neoplasm:

Back 45

-renal cell carcinoma
-middle-old age
-cause smoking