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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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main trait of neoplasia
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unregulated cellular proliferation
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benign and malignant neoplasms from fibroblasts
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fibroma, fibrosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from adipocyte
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lipoma, liposarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from cartilage
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chondroma, chondrosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from bone
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osteoma, osteosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from endothelial cell
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hemangioma, angiosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from meninges
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meningioma, invasive meningioma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from smooth muscle
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leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from skeletal muscle
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rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from stratified squamous epithelium
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squamous papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from ducts or gland epithelium
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adenoma, adenocarcinoma
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benign and malignant neoplasms from melanocytes
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nevus, melanoma
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generally, what is suffix for epithelial malignancy
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carcinoma
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generally, what is suffix for mesenchymal malignancy
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sarcoma
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term for dysplasia involving the full epithelium
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carcinoma in situ
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things dissociated with dysplasia
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HPV in cervix, smoking in lungs, GERD in esophagus
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what do rapidly growing tumors usually have
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areas of necrosis
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what do tumor growth rates correlate with?
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degree of differentiation
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which are encapsulated, benign or malignant lesions
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benign
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three main mechanisms of metastasis
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seeding of body cavities
lymphatic spread hematogenous dissemination |
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how do sarcomas typically spread
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hematogenously
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how do carcinomas typically spread
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lympathic
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how do ovarian cancers spread
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seeding of body cavities
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what are the most common sites of metastatic spread
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liver and lungs via portal and caval blood
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where does renal cell carcinoma invade?
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veins, and it grows in the IVC
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Where does prostate carcinoma go
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to bone
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where does lung carcinoma go
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adrenals and brain
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two principal stages of metastasis
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1) invasion of ECM with vascular invasion
2) homing of tumor cells to distant sites |
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what precedes intravasation in the metastasis cascade?
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passage through ECM
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what precedes extravasation in the metastasis cascade?
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adhesion to the basement membrane
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what is lost when tumor cells detach
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E-cadherins
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what breaks down the ECM in metastasis
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MMPs (collagenase and gelatinases) synthesized by tumor cells. Cleave collagen IV and laminin in basement membrane
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how do MMP levels compare in benign and malignant tumors? TIMP levels?
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MMP higher in malignant; TIMP higher in benign
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what directs movement of tumor cells
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cytokinsfrom tumor cells - autocrine motility factor.
Also cleavage products of laminin and collagen IV rae chemotactic for tumor cells. Also stromal cells produce paracrine effectors of cell motlity (HGF/SCF) that bind to receptors on tumor cells |
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what is HGF/SCF
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paracrine effectors of cell motlity that re produced by stromal cellas and that bind to receptors on tumor cells, thus enabling migration of tumor cells
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what is seen at the advancing edge of glioblastoma multiforme
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paracrine effedctors of cell motility (HGF/SCF)
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give modes of homing
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vascular, lymphatics, adhesion molecule expression, chemokines, chemokine receptors
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chemokine receptor in breast cancer
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CXCR4 and 7
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What's mesothelioma? What can cause it?
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cancer in lining of lung and peritoneum. Asbestos
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What can benzene cause?
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leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma
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What does Japan have high rates of?
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gastric cancer
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What's the most lethal cancer in Africa
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hepato
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Who gets mesenchymal tumors?
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Children
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Why do adults get epithelial tumors
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Years of turnover.
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in RB?
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retinoblastoma
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in p53?
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in p161NK4A?
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Melanoma
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in APC? What's the defect?
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Familial adenomatous polyposis/colon cancer.
Breakdown of Beta Catenin |
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in NF1, NF2
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Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2
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breast and ovarian
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in MEN1, RET
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in MSH2, MLH1, MSH6
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) in which there is defective DNA repair
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What cancer are you predisposed to with a mutation in PATCH
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Nevoid basal cell carcinoma
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What's the cause of Xeroderma pigmentosum
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inherited autosomal recessive syndrom of defective DNA repair
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What's the cause of Ataxia-telangiectasia
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inherited autosomal recessive syndrom of defective DNA repair. Mutation of ATM gene G1 arrest or apoptosos leading to loss of Purkinje ceels, ataxia, immunodeficiency and lymphoid malignancy
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What's the cause of Bloom syndrome
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inherited autosomal recessive syndrom of defective DNA repair. Helicase mutation leading to osteosarcoma.
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What's the cause of Fanconi anemia
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inherited autosomal recessive syndrom of defective DNA repair. Marrow hypofunction leading to hypoplasia in kidney/spleen/bone
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Which organs have familial cancers not yet understood
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Breast, ovary, pancreas
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What's the key checkpoint for cell cycle mutation cancers?
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G1/S
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What are the three key clinical effects of cancer
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Cachexia, paraneoplastic syndromes, venous thrombosis
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What causes cachexia
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cytokines lead to anorexia (e.g., TNF suppresses appetitie)
proteoloysis-inducing factor breaks down skeletal muscle |
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What causes paraneoplastic syndromes
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hormone production by tumor cells
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What percentage of cancer patients have paraneoplastic syndromes
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10-15%
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What causes venous thrombosis in cancer patients
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mucins from the cancers active clotting
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What is CEA
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Tumor marker for oncofetal antigens. Indicates colon, pancrease, lung, breast.
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What is a tumor marker
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Molecules in plasma produced by tumor cells
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What is AFP
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A marker for hepatocellular cancerns or germ cell testis cancer
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What is PSA
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Prostate specific antigen
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What is CA
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Carbohydrate antigen. There are several CAs: for ovary, bile duct, pancreas, breast
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What is HCG
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indicator for testicular cancer or for trophoblastic tumor in the placenta
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What is calcitonin a parker for?
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Medullary thyroid cancer (where it's made by C cells)
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How do you do immunohistochemsitry to diagnosis cancer
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Look for cytokeratins (CK7 and 20) in epithelial cells to figure out where cancer is comign from.
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What can EGFR indicate?
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High epidermal growth fator can be found in lung cancer
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What is FISH good for?
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Showing EGFR in cells
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What is grading?
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degree of cellular differentiation based on histoloigc appearance and number of mitoses seen. I-IV
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What is staging?
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Degree of localization/spread based on:
- (T) site and size of primary Tumor - (N) spread to regional lymph Nodes - (M) presence of metastases - spread of tumor in a specific patient |
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Which is more valuable info, grade or stage?
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Stage, becuase it incidates spread
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