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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pathophysiology |
The study of not only cellular and organ changes that occur with a disease, but also includes the effects the disease has on the total body function |
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What is disease? |
Interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure that includes identifiable groups (like signs and symptoms) Ex: Inflammatory bowel disease - ebola -asthma - diabetes - TB - epilepsy - STD's |
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what is etiology? |
The causes of disease - biological agents (bacteria, viruses) - physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation) - chemical agents (poison, alcohol) - Nutritional excesses or deficits
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What are risk factors? |
when multiple factors predispose a person to a particular disease |
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congenital |
present at birth but may not be known about until later in life |
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acquired |
caused by events after birth |
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complications |
alzheimer's thyroid disorder obesity heart disease leukemia |
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prognosis |
probable outcome variable depending on complications |
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acute |
severe happening now: strep throat |
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sub-acute |
allergies hives |
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chronic |
long term |
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pre-clinical |
changes happen before they can be seen |
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subclinical |
must do lab work to know it's there |
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clinical |
you can see it like: downs syndrome |
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subjective |
complaint coming from the patient Doc, this is how I feel.... I hurt here..... |
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objective |
signs |
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Types of prevention |
Primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention |
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primary prevention |
keeping disease from occuring by removing all risk factors ex: administering folic acid to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects |
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secondary prevention |
detecting disease early when still asymptomatic ex: pap smear for detection of cervical cancer |
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tertiary prevention |
clinical interventions that prevent further complications ex: giving amoxicillin for strep to prevent rheumatic fever (or other) |
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mortality |
statistics provide information about the causes of death in a given population ex: SIDS mortality rate |
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morbidity |
the effects an illness has on a person's life ex: arthritis - low death rate but significant impact on quality of life |
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cell |
smallest functional unit of life |
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why do cells vary? |
most diseases begin at the cellular level |
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cell structures: |
cell wall lysosomes endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus flagella chromosomes ribosomes vacuoles mitochondria |
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cell membrane: |
controls transport of materials from extracellular to intracellular holds and binds receptors of hormones for other substances participates in conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells aids in cell growth and proliferation |
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lipid bilayer: |
- composed of two layers of fat cells lipids are fats, like oil, insoluble in water - each lipid molecule contains two regions - hydrophillic heads / hydrophobic tails - process is spontaneous and does NOT require energy - most important property: highly impermeable |
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active transport: must have energy |
1. actively pumps a molecule across the membrane against natural process 2. Requires ATP, such as the Na+/K+ ATpase membrane pump 3. endocytosis: materials are brought into the cell by invagination of the cell vs. 4. exocytosis: materials are exported from the cell by fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane |
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Passive transport: requires NO energy |
1. diffusion - goes from area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration 2. facilitated diffusion: requires transport protein and moves only from higher concentration to lower concentration 3. osmosis: areas of lower concentration to the side with higher concentration |
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cytoplasm |
contains organelles |
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nucleus |
control center of the cell contains DNA site for synthesis of RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA
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What is metabolism |
process where carbs, fats, and proteins from foods are broken down. |
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Once carbs, fats, and proteins from foods are broken down.....What is formed? |
I don't know |
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Two types of metabolism |
anaerobic aerobic |
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anaerobic |
- known as glycolysis - energy is taken from glucose - important source of energy for cells that are deprived from oxygen anaerobic: glucose-----glycolysis-----2 ATP |
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aerobic |
- occurs in - requires - supplies 90% of the body's energy needs - citric acid (Kreb's cycle) + ETC - produces 34 to 36 ATP molecules/glucose oxygen----CO2 and water----ADP----34/36ATP |
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What is a tissue? |
group of similar cells performing a common function |
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4 categories of tissues |
Connective Muscle Epithelial Nervous |
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Epithelial tissue |
covers and lines body surfaces / organs forms glands avascular but has nervous supply described based on shapes and layers of cells |
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3 types of epithelial tissue |
simple stratified pseudostratified |
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3 shapes of epithelial tissue |
squamous : squished flat cuboidal: cubes : secretions - sweat gland columnar: columns : help protect tissue |
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types of epithelial tissue: |
simple squamous : lining bl.vess.&bodycavity simple cuboidal: kidney / covering ovaries simple columnar: lining intestine / gallbladder stratified squamous: stratified cuboidal stratified: skin / mucous membranes glandular: endocrine: thyroid, pituitary exocrine: sweat glands / GI glands pseudostratisfied columnar transitional (mixture: responds to body movement) |
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How do cells communicate? |
Through chemical messenger systems 3 classes: G protein-linked Enzyme-linked Channel-linked |
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Connective tissue |
- most abundant tissue in the body
- connects and binds or supports tissue
- most types of connective tissue have nerve and blood supply besides cartilage |
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types of connective tissue |
- fibroblasts - secrete the matrix - adipocytes - contain molecule of fat and present in adipose tissue - osteoblasts / osteocytes - occur in bones - leukocytes - WBC - mast cells - secrete histamine which stimulates immune response (along side blood vessels) - macrophages - destroy bacteria - plasma cells - secrete antibodies |
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Matrix |
- specialized types of connective: bone,adipose,cartilage - other forms are loose,reticular, and dense - consists of cells that produce extracellular matrix which supports and holds tissues together - the extracellular matrix is in proximity to blood vessels which allow nutrients and wastes to pass. |
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Muscle Tissue |
- specialized tissue for contratility - 3 types: - skeletal - voluntary / striated (aids in movements / attaches to bones) - cardiac - involuntary / striated - smooth - involuntary / nonstriated (bladder; GI) |
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Nervous Tissue |
- designed for communication
- transmits electrical impulses
- neurons |
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types of cellular stress |
Atrophy: reduce in size
caused by: disuse, denervation,loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia (decreased blood flow)
Hypertrophy: Increase in size
causes: physiologic vs. pathologic |
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causes of cellular injury |
- Chemical Cassie - biological bought - nutritional new - physical pair - radiation Reebok's
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chemical cellular injury |
drugs: tylenol mercury: fish lead: mostly absorbed thru GI tract / lowers IQ **** chemical agents can block pathways disrupting the cell**** |
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biological cellular injury |
- differ because they are able to replicate and continue to produce injury
- can be viruses, parasites, or bacteria |
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nutritional cellular injury |
- diets high in fat predispose person to artherosclerosis
- example also includes iron deficiency anemia
** excess and deficienc |
