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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the job of the large arteries?
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Storage and propulsion
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What is the job of the muscular artery?
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Regulation of pressure
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Are capillaries small or large?
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Very small--diameter equal to that of an RBC
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Do capillaries have a slow or fast flow rate?
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Slow flow rate
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What are the characteristics of larger veins?
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Thin walled, valves, and large volumes
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What are activators of the endothelium?
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Cytokines
Complement products Hypoxia |
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What are induced genes of the endothelium?
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Adhesion molecules
Cytokines/chemokines Growth factors MHC molecules |
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How do we identify the endothelium?
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Weibel Palade bodies
CD 31 (PECAM 1) CD 34 |
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What is arteriosclerosis?
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Rigidity and thickening of blood vessels
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What are the 3 types of arteriosclerosis?
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Monckberg
Arteriolorsclerosis Atherosclerosis |
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What is Monckberg arteriosclerosis?
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Medial calcific sclerosis--involves the media of arteries--ring like calcifications--does not obstruct the blood flow because the intima is not involved
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What does Monckberg arteriosclerosis result in?
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Stiff, calcific "pipstream" arteries
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What is arteriolosclerosis?
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Hyaline thickening or proliferative changes of small arteries and arterioles--occurs often in the kidneys
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What is hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
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Hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls--called benign nephrosclerosis in the kidney and is associated with hypertension
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What is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Concentric, laminated, "onionskin" thickening of the arteriolar walls
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What happens in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Deposition of fibrinoid material in arterioles progressing to fibrinoid necrosis
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What is a commonly associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Malignant hypertension
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What is the disease progression of atherosclerosis?
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Fatty dot
Fatty streak Intermediate lesion Atheroma Fibroaheroma Complicated plaque |
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Are fatty streaks intracellular or extracellular?
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Intracellular--foam cells and plaque not raised
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What is an atheroma?
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Central accumulation of lipid (Core)
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What is fibroatheroma?
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Fibrous tissue laid down (Fibrous cap) and calcification
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What is a complicated plaque?
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Endothelial damage
Thrombus Hemorrhage into plaque |
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What are the most common places for deposition of atherosclerosis plaques?
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Abdominal aorta
Cardiac Femoral |
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What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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Increasing age
More commen in men and postmenopausal women Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Lifestyle |
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Which type of denisty lipoprotein provides a protective effect?
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HDL's--the good cholesterol
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What are the "BIG 4" risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
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Hypertension
Diabetes Smoking Hyperlipidemia |
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What is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
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Endothelial injury--Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, immune mechanisms, etc
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After edothelial injury, what happens?
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Moncytes bind to the damaged endothelium and become foam cells
Platelets adhere to damaged intima causing smooth muscle cells to migrate into the intima Smooth muscle cells produce matrix and lipids accumulate in SM cells forming lesions |
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What are the characteristics of an AAA?
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Pulsatile abdominal mass
Between renal arteries and bifurcation Thrombus/Embolus in legs or elsewhere Rupture |
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What is thought to weaking the abdominal aorta wall?
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MetaloProteinases (MMP's)--digest collagen during repair process
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What happens in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Deposition of fibrinoid material in arterioles progressing to fibrinoid necrosis
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What is a commonly associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Malignant hypertension
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What is the disease progression of atherosclerosis?
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Fatty dot
Fatty streak Intermediate lesion Atheroma Fibroaheroma Complicated plaque |
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Are fatty streaks intracellular or extracellular?
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Intracellular--foam cells and plaque not raised
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What is an atheroma?
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Central accumulation of lipid (Core)
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What is fibroatheroma?
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Fibrous tissue laid down (Fibrous cap) and calcification
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What is a complicated plaque?
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Endothelial damage
Thrombus Hemorrhage into plaque |
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What are the most common places for deposition of atherosclerosis plaques?
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Abdominal aorta
Cardiac Femoral |
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What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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Increasing age
More commen in men and postmenopausal women Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Lifestyle |
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Which type of denisty lipoprotein provides a protective effect?
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HDL's--the good cholesterol
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What are the "BIG 4" risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
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Hypertension
Diabetes Smoking Hyperlipidemia |
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What is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
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Endothelial injury--Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, immune mechanisms, etc
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After edothelial injury, what happens?
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Moncytes bind to the damaged endothelium and become foam cells
Platelets adhere to damaged intima causing smooth muscle cells to migrate into the intima Smooth muscle cells produce matrix and lipids accumulate in SM cells forming lesions |
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What are the characteristics of an AAA?
|
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Between renal arteries and bifurcation Thrombus/Embolus in legs or elsewhere Rupture |
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What is thought to weaking the abdominal aorta wall?
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MetaloProteinases (MMP's)--digest collagen during repair process
|
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What happens in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Deposition of fibrinoid material in arterioles progressing to fibrinoid necrosis
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|
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What is a commonly associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
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Malignant hypertension
|
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|
What is the disease progression of atherosclerosis?
|
Fatty dot
Fatty streak Intermediate lesion Atheroma Fibroaheroma Complicated plaque |
|
|
Are fatty streaks intracellular or extracellular?
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Intracellular--foam cells and plaque not raised
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What is an atheroma?
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Central accumulation of lipid (Core)
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What is fibroatheroma?
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Fibrous tissue laid down (Fibrous cap) and calcification
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What is a complicated plaque?
|
Endothelial damage
Thrombus Hemorrhage into plaque |
|
|
What are the most common places for deposition of atherosclerosis plaques?
|
Abdominal aorta
Cardiac Femoral |
|
|
What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
|
Increasing age
More commen in men and postmenopausal women Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Lifestyle |
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|
Which type of denisty lipoprotein provides a protective effect?
|
HDL's--the good cholesterol
|
|
|
What are the "BIG 4" risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
|
Hypertension
Diabetes Smoking Hyperlipidemia |
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|
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
|
Endothelial injury--Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, immune mechanisms, etc
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|
|
After edothelial injury, what happens?
|
Moncytes bind to the damaged endothelium and become foam cells
Platelets adhere to damaged intima causing smooth muscle cells to migrate into the intima Smooth muscle cells produce matrix and lipids accumulate in SM cells forming lesions |
|
|
What are the characteristics of an AAA?
|
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Between renal arteries and bifurcation Thrombus/Embolus in legs or elsewhere Rupture |
|
|
What is thought to weaking the abdominal aorta wall?
|
MetaloProteinases (MMP's)--digest collagen during repair process
|
|
|
What happens in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
|
Deposition of fibrinoid material in arterioles progressing to fibrinoid necrosis
|
|
|
What is a commonly associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
|
Malignant hypertension
|
|
|
What is the disease progression of atherosclerosis?
|
Fatty dot
Fatty streak Intermediate lesion Atheroma Fibroaheroma Complicated plaque |
|
|
Are fatty streaks intracellular or extracellular?
|
Intracellular--foam cells and plaque not raised
|
|
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What is an atheroma?
|
Central accumulation of lipid (Core)
|
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What is fibroatheroma?
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Fibrous tissue laid down (Fibrous cap) and calcification
|
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What is a complicated plaque?
|
Endothelial damage
Thrombus Hemorrhage into plaque |
|
|
What are the most common places for deposition of atherosclerosis plaques?
|
Abdominal aorta
Cardiac Femoral |
|
|
What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
|
Increasing age
More commen in men and postmenopausal women Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Lifestyle |
|
|
Which type of denisty lipoprotein provides a protective effect?
|
HDL's--the good cholesterol
|
|
|
What are the "BIG 4" risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
|
Hypertension
Diabetes Smoking Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
|
Endothelial injury--Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, immune mechanisms, etc
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|
|
After edothelial injury, what happens?
|
Moncytes bind to the damaged endothelium and become foam cells
Platelets adhere to damaged intima causing smooth muscle cells to migrate into the intima Smooth muscle cells produce matrix and lipids accumulate in SM cells forming lesions |
|
|
What are the characteristics of an AAA?
|
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Between renal arteries and bifurcation Thrombus/Embolus in legs or elsewhere Rupture |
|
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What is thought to weaking the abdominal aorta wall?
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MetaloProteinases (MMP's)--digest collagen during repair process
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What is a luetic aneurysm?
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Aortic anuerysm caused by tertiary syphilis--Endarteritis obliterans of the vasa vorum of the aortic wall
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What type of effect does a syphilitic aneurysm produce?
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"Tree barking" effect
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What is an aortic dissection?
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A tear in the aortic wall between the laminar planes of media
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What are the clinical symptoms of an aortic dissection?
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Severe pain radiating through to the back--progresses downward as dissection progresses
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What are causes of aortic dissection?
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Hypertension (males 40-60)
Marfan's Syndrome Iatrogenic Pregnancy |
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Where do Berry Aneurysms occur?
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Small lesions that are most often seen in the circle of willis
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Are Berry aneurysms congential?
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No--they are not present at birth but they are due to a congential defect in the vessel wall
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What are Berry aneurysms the most frequent cause of?
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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What is the definition of hypertension?
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>140/>90
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Who are especially prone to hypertension?
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African Americans
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What is the most common cause of hypertension?
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Unknown etiology
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What are secondary causes of hypertension?
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Renal
Endocrine Cardiac Neurologic |
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What is the definition of Malignant Hypertension?
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>200/>120 mmHg
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What is the main concern in a patient with hypertension?
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If the tissues are being adequately perfused or not
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What are the characteristics of a benign blood vessel tumor?
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Vascular channels
Lined by normal appearing endothelium |
