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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cancer a disease of?
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Older people
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What is neoplasia?
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New growth or form; excessive and unregulated proliferation that becomes independent of growth factors
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Does neoplasm arise from one or multiple cells that have incurred genetic change?
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Arises from one cell
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What is one cell incurring genetic change called?
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Clone
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Can there be more than one clone going on in a tumor?
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Yes--multiple clones can be going on at one time
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Do benign tumors metastisize?
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No--they are always localized
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What has to happen for a tumor to become malignant?
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It has to metastisize
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What type of tumors are well differentiated?
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Benign
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What type of tumors lack differentiation?
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Malignant
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Typically, which type of tumor grows faster?
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Malignant
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Are benign tumors capable of invasion?
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No
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Can benign tumors metastisize?
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No
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Compare the sizes of benign and malignant tumors.
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Benign are small
Malignant are big |
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Compare the cell sizes of benign and malignant tumors.
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Benign-cells are normal size
Malignant-cells are bigger; huge |
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Are benign tumors symmetric or asymmetric?
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Symmetric
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Are malignant tumors symmetric or asymmetric?
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Asymmetric
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Describe the margins in a malignant tumor?
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Indistinct and infiltrative
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Describe the margins in a benign tumor?
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Circumscribed
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Is necrosis common in benign or malignant tumors?
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Malignant tumors
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What is the typical age of onset of a benign tumor?
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Young
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What is the typical age of onset of a malignant tumor?
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Old
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What are two exceptions to the rule that malignant tumors affect old people?
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Testicular and Hodgkin's Disease
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What is an important border to look for in a colon polyp?
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The muscularis mucosae
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Are mixed tumors (epithelial and stromal parts) benign or malignant?
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They can be both
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Are teratomas benign or malignant?
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Ovarian teratomas are usually benign and testicular teratomas are usually malignant
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What are the two basic types of cellular components within neoplasms?
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Parenchyma and stroma
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What is the parenchyma?
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The proliferating neoplastic cellular component
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What is the stroma?
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Supportive non-neoplastic cellular component
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Which cellular component is considered to be the "business end" of things?
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The parenchyma
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What are the two types of stroma?
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Desmoplasia and Angiogenesis
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What is desmoplaisa?
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Increased fibrous tissue stimulated by neoplasm
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What is angiogenesis?
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Increased blood vessels stimulated by neoplasm
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What does scirrous mean?
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Stony hard on palpation
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What is differentiation?
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How well the neoplasm resembles the tissue it originated from
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What is well differentiated?
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Closely resembles the parent tissue
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What is moderately differentiated?
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Features of original tissue present, but that is not the dominant appearance
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What is poorly differentiated?
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Small minority of cellular components resemble the original tissue
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What is undifferentiated?
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The tissue or origin can't be determined
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If you saw abnormal mitotic cells on a histopath slide, what would be the differentiation?
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Poorly or undifferentiated
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What are signs or markers to look for in a malignancy?
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Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatin Giant cell Abnormal mitotic cells |
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What is the characteristic cell in Hodgkin's disease that can be identified on a slide?
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The Reed-Sternberg cell
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Do tumors typically develop rapidly or slowly?
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Usually develop of years
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What grow as cohesive, expansile masses that remain localized to the area of origin? They can compress the adjacent tissue and may create a "capsule?"
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Benign tumors
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What grows by infiltration and destruction of adjacent tissue? They may also become invasive if they bust through the basement membrane?
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Malignant tumors
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Where is the first place tumors mestastisize to?
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The subscapular sinus of lymph nodes
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What is desmoplaisa?
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Increased fibrous tissue stimulated by neoplasm
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What is angiogenesis?
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Increased blood vessels stimulated by neoplasm
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What does scirrous mean?
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Stony hard on palpation
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What is differentiation?
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How well the neoplasm resembles the tissue it originated from
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What is well differentiated?
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Closely resembles the parent tissue
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What is moderately differentiated?
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Features of original tissue present, but that is not the dominant appearance
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What is poorly differentiated?
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Small minority of cellular components resemble the original tissue
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What is undifferentiated?
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The tissue or origin can't be determined
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If you saw abnormal mitotic cells on a histopath slide, what would be the differentiation?
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Poorly or undifferentiated
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What are signs or markers to look for in a malignancy?
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Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatin Giant cell Abnormal mitotic cells |
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What is the characteristic cell in Hodgkin's disease that can be identified on a slide?
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The Reed-Sternberg cell
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Do tumors typically develop rapidly or slowly?
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Usually develop of years
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What grow as cohesive, expansile masses that remain localized to the area of origin? They can compress the adjacent tissue and may create a "capsule?"
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Benign tumors
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What grows by infiltration and destruction of adjacent tissue? They may also become invasive if they bust through the basement membrane?
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Malignant tumors
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Where is the first place tumors mestastisize to?
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The subscapular sinus of lymph nodes
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What are the ways tumors can spread or metastisize?
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By seeding of body cavities
Lymphatic spread Hematogenous spread |
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What is the major route for most malignant tumors to spread?
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Hematogenous
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What are the characteristics of a benign tumor?
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Small
Well demarcated Slow growing Noninvasive Nonmetastatic Well differentiated |
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What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor?
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Large
Poorly demarcated Rapidly growing Hemorrhage and necrosis Invasive Metastaic Poorly differentiated |
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What is prevalence?
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The overall number of cases in a defined population at a certain date
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What is incidence?
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The number of new cases during a given period of time
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If a disease is fatal, what are the prevalence and incidence compared to each other?
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They are equal
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What is mortality?
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Number of deaths caused by a disease at a specified time
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What are two things that can change the mortality rate?
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A change in incidence and a change in treatment
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What is the most important influence on the likelihood of getting cancer and dying from cancer?
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Age
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What is significant about the incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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It has a bimodal peak and it is usually a disease diagnosed in the young
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Who is usually affected by testicular cancer?
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Young males (35-39)
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In 1950, we began to see a huge decline in the death rate of stomach cancer, why?
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Because of the discover of H. pylori and hygeine improvements
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In the 1930's we began to see a huge increase in the amount of lung cancer cases, why?
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Cigarrette smoking
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In the 1940-1950's we began to see a decline in the rate of uterine cancer, why?
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Hysterectomy
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What race is at major risk for malignant melanoma?
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Caucasians
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What race is at major risk for multiple myeloma?
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African-Americans
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Who tends to be at most risk for gastric cancer?
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Japanese
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What is the percentage of cancers with a clearly definable genetic etiology?
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2-5%
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What is the most common environmental cause of cancer?
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Chronic Mid-UV radiation
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Is tumor formation monoclonal or polyclonal?
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Monoclonal
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What is the field effect?
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Numerous cells in a particular tissue will each have indvidual genetic alterations
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What is synchronous neoplasms?
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More than one cell undergoing a final genetic change into a cancer clone at the same time in the same location
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Is carcinogenesis a single or mulitstep process?
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Multistep process at the phenotypic and genotypic levels
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Do most tumors have multiple genetic alterations?
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Yes--involving several oncogenes and the loss of two or more tumor suppressor genes
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What does genetic markers have to do with prognosis?
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The more genetic markers that can be identified, the worse the prognosis is
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What does gatekeeper mean?
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Genes affect tumor growth by influencing cell proliferation
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What does caretaker mean?
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Genes that do not directly affect cell growth but do affect genomic stability (mutations in p53 and DNA repair genes)
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Development of malignant neoplasms requires....
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Years
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What are two sequences that identify genetically altered cells before malignancy occurs?
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Adenoma-Adenomacarcinoma Seq
Dysplasia-Carcinoma Seq |
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What is an adenocarcinoma?
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Malignancy arising in glands or ducts
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What is a carcinoma?
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Arise from squamous epithelium
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What is a sarcoma?
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Arise in connective tissue or bone
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What does the adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence usually refer to?
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Colon cancer
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Who has the highest chance of getting colon cancer?
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Those with a mutation in the APC gene
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What does the adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence require to progress?
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Two-hits
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When does colon cancer become invasive?
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Once it crosses the muscularis mucosae
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Where does the Dysplasia-Carcinoma sequence occur?
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Cervix
Vulva Oral Cavity Skin |
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What is the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in the skin?
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Actinic keratosis
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Progression from normal to invasive carcinoma takes at a minimum how long?
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10 years and on average requires 20-25 years
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What are the steps in the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence?
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Normal
Hyperplasia/Hyperkeratosis Mild/Moderate Dysplasia Severe Dysplasia Squamous cell carcinoma |
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What is initiation in carcinogenesis?
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Exposure to a sufficient dose of a chemical carcinogen to cause permanent DNA damage
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What can be promotors of carcinogenesis?
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Hormones, bile acids, ethanol
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What is the specific UV region that causes damage and is important in malignancy?
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UVB--formation of pyrimidine dimers that damage DNA
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What is another environmental factor causing cancer?
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Ionizing radiation
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What are the primary oncogenic HPV subtypes causing caner?
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16, 18
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