Pathology 404 Vocab Iii

Front 1

What six stimuli induce cell injury?

Back 1

Oxygen Deprivation
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Infectious Agents
Genetic Derangements
Nutritional Imbalances

Front 2

Hypoxia

Back 2

insufficient oxygen in the blood stream

Front 3

Ischemia

Back 3

insufficient blood supply

Front 4

What five physical agents induce cell injury?

Back 4

Mechanical Injury,
Extremes of Temperature,
Sudden Change in Barometric Pressure,
Radiation,
Electric Shock

Front 5

Examples of Chemical Agents That Induce Cell Injury

Back 5

oxygen, water, glucose, salt, pharmaceutical agents, herbicides, pesticides, acids and alkalis, poisons, occupational hazards, drugs of abuse

Front 6

What four infectious agents induce cell injury?

Back 6

parasites
bacteria
virsues
fungi

Front 7

What five cellular processes are disrupted in cell injury?

Back 7

Generation of ATP by mitochondria,
Integrity of the mitochondria,
Transmembrane calcium homeostasis,
Protection against oxidative stress,
Membrane impermeability

Front 8

Effects of loss of generation of ATP by mitochondria

Back 8

Cell switches to anaerobic respiration, pH becomes acidic, cell processes disrupted, no protein production

Front 9

Effects of mitochondrial damage

Back 9

loss of ATP, release of calcium activates an enzyme which chews up everything in cytosol, cytochrome C is released promoting apoptosis

Front 10

Disrupment of Calcium Homeostasis

Back 10

Calcium concentration is usually much lower within the cell than it is outside the cell. Cell injury causes leakage of calcium into the cytosol across permeable cell and intracellular organelle membranes. Increased cytosolic calcium causes activation of enzymes which break apart the constitutive and functional elements of the cell.

Front 11

Oxidative stress

Back 11

Cell inury causes free radicals to form. In reaction with other molcules, the free radical causes disruption of membrane lipids, fragmentation or denaturation of proteins, and breaks in DNA. Free radicals are able to induce the conversion of other molecules to free radicals (propogation).

Front 12

Antioxidants

Back 12

Molecules that scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals that are formed under normal physiologic conditions.

Front 13

What are the four morphologic features of cell injury?

Back 13

mitochondrial swelling, alterations of the plasma membrane, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum with dissociation of the ribosomes, nuclear changes

Front 14

Hydropic Change

Back 14

the endoplasmic reticulum is distended or swollen

Front 15

What are the two forms of cell death?

Back 15

Necrosis, Apoptosis

Front 16

endogenous

Back 16

arising from within

Front 17

Necrosis

Back 17

refers to cell death secondary to an irreversible, exogenous injury (lysosomes release digestive enzymes, inflammatory cells digest damaged cells)

Front 18

What are the four types of necrosis?

Back 18

Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis,
Fat necrosis

Front 19

Coagulative Necrosis

Back 19

This often follows ischemic injury. The ouline of the dead cells remains, but the intracellular detail is lost. Proteins, including the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes, are denatured, so they cannto destroy the cellular components. The tissue appears mummifiied. Inflammation cells are not present because there is no blood flow.

Front 20

Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 20

inflammatory cells entirely digest the tissue. What remains is a thick liquid, or pus, composed of cellular debris. A collection of pus is called an abscess. This type of necrosis is seen in bacterial or fungal infections.

Front 21

Caseous Necrosis

Back 21

Often results as a response to microbial infection, such as in tuberculosis. ("Cream cheese inside")

Front 22

Fat Necrosis

Back 22

Death of adipocytes, or fat cells. This has a distinctive morphologic appearance. It can be coagulative of liquefactive.

Front 23

Dystrophic Calcification

Back 23

Refers to the formation of calcium crystals in areas of necrosis. This is a tell-tale sign of cell injury and is commonly seen in diseases associated with inflammation and necrosis.

Front 24

Apoptosis

Back 24

"Programmed Cell Death" Cells with irreparable cell damage or cells that have outlived their use are dismantled from the inside.

Front 25

Caspases

Back 25

Enzymes that digest the cytoskeleton and activate endonucleases.